. Essex naturalist: being the journal of the Essex Field Club. ely 1 have not a root ofP. veris to examine on this point. Exceptionally Small Rainfall of the Last Eight Months.—Our mem-ber, Mr. F. Chancellor, , writes advising economy with respect to the use ofwater this summer, owing to the meagre rainfall during the past winter. Hesays: With every care it will, I am afraid, be difficult to avert a water faminein some districts during the coming summer and autumn. The following is atable of the rainfall for the corresponding eight months of the ten previous will show that I am
. Essex naturalist: being the journal of the Essex Field Club. ely 1 have not a root ofP. veris to examine on this point. Exceptionally Small Rainfall of the Last Eight Months.—Our mem-ber, Mr. F. Chancellor, , writes advising economy with respect to the use ofwater this summer, owing to the meagre rainfall during the past winter. Hesays: With every care it will, I am afraid, be difficult to avert a water faminein some districts during the coming summer and autumn. The following is atable of the rainfall for the corresponding eight months of the ten previous will show that I am not unnecessarily drawing attention to the matter :— From Sept., 1880, to April, 1881, inclusive 19-88 15-64 , 20-93 14-69 14-18 ... 15-94 12-43 15-40 13-43 15-16 I88I „ 1882 1882 n 1883 1883 1884 1884 „ 1885 1885 „ 1886 1886 „ 1887 1887 „ 1888 1888 „ IS89 1889 „ 1890 10)157-68 Average for ten years ... ... ... I576 From Se,)t., 1890, to April, 1891, inclusive ... ... ... 8-28 or \ery little more than half the average of the last ten THE UNDULATIONS OF THE CHALK IMESSEX. \W \V. H. , , /<iU of Ceolosical Suncy.[Read May lyth, iSgo.] WITH MAT, III A S the surflice of the greater part of Essex consists of clay, thewater-supply is almost everywhere derived from wells, and aconsiderable proportion of these have been carried down to theChalk, and derive their value from the copious stores of water yieldedby that formation. There are, of course, hundreds of shallow wellsin the gravel areas, and a great many artesian borings that go nofurther than the sands in or under the London Clay. But the waterin gravel is always liable to contamination by infiltration of impuritiesfrom the surface, whilst the yield from the Tertiary beds, besidesbeing often charged with an obiectionable amount of mineral matterin solution,^ is very apt to be diminished, if not altogether stopped,by the influx of sand carried up by the water into the bore-hole.
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