STS-40, Space Shuttle Columbia Launch, 1991
STS-40, the eleventh launch of Space Shuttle Columbia, was a 9 day mission launched on June 5, 1991. It carried the Spacelab module for Spacelab Life Sciences 1 (SLS-1), the fifth Spacelab mission and the first dedicated solely to biology. The STS-40 crew included 7 astronauts: Bryan D. O'Connor, commander; Sidney M. Gutierrez, pilot; F. Drew Gaffney, payload specialist 1; Milli-Hughes Fulford, payload specialist 2; James P. Bagian, mission specialist 1; Tamara E. Jernigan, mission specialist 2; and M. Rhea Seddon, mission specialist 3. STS-40 was the first spaceflight that included three women crew members. Mission featured most detailed and interrelated physiological measurements in space since 1973-74 Skylab missions. Subjects were humans, 30 rodents and thousands of tiny jellyfish. Primary SLS-1 experiments studied six body systems; of 18 investigations, ten involved humans, seven involved rodents, and one used jellyfish.
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