. Proceedings of the Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds, May 6-9, 1975, Tucson, Arizona. Birds Conservation Congresses; Birds Habitat Congresses; Range management Congresses; Wildlife habitat improvement Congresses. ORNL-DWG 7I-(3496R. ARKANSAS OZARKS GEORGIA PIEDMONT ILLINOIS ECOLOGICAL AGE INCREASING Figure 2.—Changes in the species diversity index (H') for bird communities during eco- logical succession. The Arkansas data are from Shugart and James (1973); Georgia data from Johnson and Odum (1950); Illinois data from Karr (1971). Figure modified from Shug
. Proceedings of the Symposium on Management of Forest and Range Habitats for Nongame Birds, May 6-9, 1975, Tucson, Arizona. Birds Conservation Congresses; Birds Habitat Congresses; Range management Congresses; Wildlife habitat improvement Congresses. ORNL-DWG 7I-(3496R. ARKANSAS OZARKS GEORGIA PIEDMONT ILLINOIS ECOLOGICAL AGE INCREASING Figure 2.—Changes in the species diversity index (H') for bird communities during eco- logical succession. The Arkansas data are from Shugart and James (1973); Georgia data from Johnson and Odum (1950); Illinois data from Karr (1971). Figure modified from Shugart and James (1973). sional communities evident, although there is a general increase in diversity through succes- sion. The Arkansas study has one diverse old- field community that does not appear to be due entirely to sampling variation (Shugart and James, 1973). It is important to note that among the three study areas there is aonsidsr- ahle variation evidenoed in the pattern of spe- cies diversity of birds during suaaession. This variation proscribes the designation of a single "typical" bird diversity pattern with forest succession in the eastern deciduous forest biome. Patterns of Avian Density An increase of avian density through a progression of successional communities has been documented by Saunders (1936) in New York, Kendeigh (1948) in Michigan, Odum (1950) in North Carolina, Johnston and Odum (1966) in Georgia, Haapanen (1965) in Finland, Karr (1968) in Illinois, Karr (1971) in Panama, Shugart and James (1973) in Arkansas. These findings drawn from diverse regions are in general agreement. There are notable exceptions to this general pattern [, Kendeigh (1947) found highest bird densities in shrubby serai stages of com- munities in the Helderberg Plateau region of New York]. However, there is an expected pat- tern of higher densities of birds in mature forests in the deciduous forest biome. Relationship between Avian Succession and Plant Succession
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