. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 2001 Lamoureux, Crete, and Belanger: Survival of White-tailed Deer 103 T 0,99a 0,99a. Adult males Adult females Figure 3. Fall survival rates of adult males and adult female White-tailed Deer in the Bas- Saint-Laurent region, Quebec, Dumont et al. 2000. (6%) and predation (3%) accounted for the remain- ing known deaths while 22% of mortality was of indeterminate cause (Table 2). Mortality rate due to hunting, including wounding and errors, was ( - , a = ) for both sexes com- bined. During the same period, the ha
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 2001 Lamoureux, Crete, and Belanger: Survival of White-tailed Deer 103 T 0,99a 0,99a. Adult males Adult females Figure 3. Fall survival rates of adult males and adult female White-tailed Deer in the Bas- Saint-Laurent region, Quebec, Dumont et al. 2000. (6%) and predation (3%) accounted for the remain- ing known deaths while 22% of mortality was of indeterminate cause (Table 2). Mortality rate due to hunting, including wounding and errors, was ( - , a = ) for both sexes com- bined. During the same period, the harvest rate of adult males was ( - , a = ). We calculated annual survival rate for adult males and adult females by combining measured survival rates for each season. Since the multivariate analysis did not reveal differences between years or areas, we calculated an overall mean for each sex. Annual sur- vival rate from 1996 to 1998 was (± ) for adult males and (± ) for adult females. These rates are much lower than those measured between 1994 and 1995 (Dumont et al. 2000), when hunting was closed (see Figure 2). Fall survival rate dropped sharply with the reopening of hunting from to for adult males and from to for adult females (see Figure 3). Using measured survival rates of deer, we estimat- ed finite population rate of increase (1) between 1996 and 1998 to be at PWA and at LTWA. The value found for the PWA is similar to those recorded during the hunting moratorium while the hunted population growth rate found for the LTWA was lower than those reported before hunting reopening (Dumont et al. 2000). Discussion Hunting was the principal cause of mortality of radio-collared adult deer in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region following reopening of the hunt. It was note- worthy that hunting and poaching significantly reduced annual survival rate of adult females because firearm hunting was only permitted on adult males. I
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