. American engineer and railroad journal . oal, particularly as lig-nite had been used for fuel in locomotives by some roadsfurther south. DESIGN OP FRONT END AND GRATES. In changing a locomotive to burn lignite coal that has beenburning bituminous coal the two important changes are; First,to use a front end arrangement that will be effective in pre-venting sparks, and, second, to use finer grate openings so asto prevent coal from dropping into the ash pan. The first en-gine changed was in January, 1901, and soon after that otherengines were changed on the Sheridan Division. The frontend arran
. American engineer and railroad journal . oal, particularly as lig-nite had been used for fuel in locomotives by some roadsfurther south. DESIGN OP FRONT END AND GRATES. In changing a locomotive to burn lignite coal that has beenburning bituminous coal the two important changes are; First,to use a front end arrangement that will be effective in pre-venting sparks, and, second, to use finer grate openings so asto prevent coal from dropping into the ash pan. The first en-gine changed was in January, 1901, and soon after that otherengines were changed on the Sheridan Division. The frontend arrangement as adopted for the Class D-3 engines, whichare large consolidation freight engines, is shown in Fig. 1,and grates of Class R-2 engines, which are Prairie typefreight engines, are shown in Fig. 2. REMARKS ON COMBUSTION AND COMPOSITION OF SMOKEBOX GASES The parts of coal that are of value for developing heat arethe elements carbon and hydrogen, most of the heat being ol>-tained by the combining of oxygen with the air with the car-. FIO. 1. no. 2. 232 AMERICAN ENGINEER AND RAILROAD JOURNAL. bon in the coal, but some also being obtained by the com-bining of hydrogen with oxygen. In an analysis of coal thevolatile combustible matter and moisture represent the por-tion that volatilizes and forms when coal is thrown into thefire. The moisture is of no value for producing heat, but onthe other hand is detrimental by absorbing heat and carryingit off, and is also detrimental by increasing the volume ofsmokebox gases. The volatile combustible matter in beingconverted into gas absorbs heat, but in combining with oxygenof the air gives out heat in considerable quantity. The com-ponents of the volatile combustible matter that are useful forheat production are carbon and hydrogen. The fixed carbondoes not volatilize, but remains upon the grates until theoxygen of the air comes along to combine with it when it isconverted into carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, accordingto the quant
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