king John 24 December 1166 – 18/19 October 1216, Lackland Softsword, England 6 April 1199 reign duchy of Normandy French king
king John 24 December 1166 – 18/19 October 1216, Lackland Softsword, England 6 April 1199 reign duchy of Normandy French king Philip II, Angevin Empire Capetian dynasty baronial revolt Magna Carta, constitution of the United II of England Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, Lord of Ireland in 1177 and William, Henry Geoffrey died youngRichard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed king of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise his right to the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200. When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John's judicial reforms had a lasting, positive impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Prince Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John di
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