Guide to the study of insects and a treatise on those injurious and beneficial to crops, for the use of colleges, farm-schools, and agriculturists . BRAULINA. 419 erally. While the transformations of Braula show it to beundoubtedly a degraded Muscid, with a true puparium ; thoseof the flea, with its worm-like, more highly organized larva,and the free obtected pupa show that, though wingless, itoccupies a much higher grade in the dipterous series. Braulacoeca Nitzsch (Fig. 343, and larva) is found living parasiticallyon the honey bee in Europe, and has not been detected in thiscountry. The ante
Guide to the study of insects and a treatise on those injurious and beneficial to crops, for the use of colleges, farm-schools, and agriculturists . BRAULINA. 419 erally. While the transformations of Braula show it to beundoubtedly a degraded Muscid, with a true puparium ; thoseof the flea, with its worm-like, more highly organized larva,and the free obtected pupa show that, though wingless, itoccupies a much higher grade in the dipterous series. Braulacoeca Nitzsch (Fig. 343, and larva) is found living parasiticallyon the honey bee in Europe, and has not been detected in thiscountry. The antennae are short, two-jointed and sunken in deeppits. It is from one-half to two-thirds of a line long. Thelarva is headless, oval, eleven-jointed and white in color. Onthe day it hatches from the egg it sheds its skin and changesto an oval puparium of a dark brown color. It is a body para-site, one or two of them occurring on the body of the bee,though sometimes they greatly multiply and are very trouble-some to the bee. Fig. We now take up the second series of suborders of the hexa-podous insects, in which the different segments of the bodyshow a strong tendency to remain equal in size, as in the larvastate ; in other words there is less concentration of the partstowards the head. In all these groups the prothorax is greatlydeveloped, generally free, while the wings tend to conceal thetwo posterior thoracic segments, and the body generally iselongated, flattened or angulated, not cylindrical as is usuallythe case in the preceding and higher series. The degradedwingless forms resemble the worm-iike INIyriapods, while, as wehave seen above, the wingless flies reseml)le the imago (especially in the Hcmiptera. Orthoptera and cer-tain Neuroptera) reseml)les the larva; that is, the metamor-phosis is less complete than in the preceding groups. 420 COLEOPTERA. COLEOPTERA. In the highest suborder of this series, the Coleoptera, wefind the most complete metamorphosis
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