. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. FIGURE 6. Clumps of amebocytes (see arrows) forming within extended feet of Asterias. ponent of inflammation in vertebrates. It is much harder to define in invertebrates. However, an edema-like phenomenon (Bang and Lemma, 1962) did occur in this study, usually in the injected limb. From the calcareous spiny skeleton of the seastar, a series of separate spines (paxillae) project. These take a variety of forms, and along with the pedicellaria (small pincers) are covered by a thin transparent epi- thelium. This is usually fairl
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. FIGURE 6. Clumps of amebocytes (see arrows) forming within extended feet of Asterias. ponent of inflammation in vertebrates. It is much harder to define in invertebrates. However, an edema-like phenomenon (Bang and Lemma, 1962) did occur in this study, usually in the injected limb. From the calcareous spiny skeleton of the seastar, a series of separate spines (paxillae) project. These take a variety of forms, and along with the pedicellaria (small pincers) are covered by a thin transparent epi- thelium. This is usually fairly closely adherent to the skeleton and the spines, but when fluid accumulates between the skeleton and the epithelial layer, there is a ballooning of this epithelium over the paxillae so that individual spines are hidden. The response can also be easily recognized in the lateral spines on the oral surface of the individual arms. We have not been able to quantitate the response, but its gross presence was inescapable. It occurred in 5 of 14 animals in the first series, and more frequently in multiply injected animals. It occurred in the injected limb in 3 of 4 animals injected after a rest period of 11 days, and persisted for more than 48 hours. 2) Evocation of mucus-secretory substances. If this partially simplified model of inflammation is to be of any value in comparative studies, then it should mimic some of the other characteristics of vertebrate inflammmation. Inflammation of mucous membranes in vertebrates is usually accompanied by increased mucus se- cretion. During the last ten years, we have been interested in an invertebrate system, the urn cell complex of the coelomate Sipunculus nudus, which swims freely in the coelom and excretes mucus when bacterial infection occurs. These cell com- plexes can also be stimulated to secrete mucus in vitro, and we found that several mammalian sera and secretions contained mucus-stimulating substances (MSS) (Bang and Bang, 1972, 1979
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