. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. the abdomen of the foetus, into which they penetrated through separate openings. In most cases they meet each other just at the umbilicus (Gavel, Van Solingen). 4. The umbilical cord too long. — The com- mon length of the cord is twenty inches (Roederer, Wrisberg), but it may be forty- eight inches (Wrisberg), sometimes even five feet (Morlanne). The usual effect of such an abnormal length of the cord is a circumvolu- tion of it round the body of the foetus. An example of it is given in a very misformed foetus mfig. 597.
. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. the abdomen of the foetus, into which they penetrated through separate openings. In most cases they meet each other just at the umbilicus (Gavel, Van Solingen). 4. The umbilical cord too long. — The com- mon length of the cord is twenty inches (Roederer, Wrisberg), but it may be forty- eight inches (Wrisberg), sometimes even five feet (Morlanne). The usual effect of such an abnormal length of the cord is a circumvolu- tion of it round the body of the foetus. An example of it is given in a very misformed foetus mfig. 597. A circumvolution of this kind may some- times become dangerous : 1. By acting as a ligature round the neck, and producing stran- gulation of the foetus (Buchanan, Hebenstreit); 2. By constricting one of the extremities, and producing the spontaneous amputation of Montgomery (Art. FCETUS,^/%. 157. Vol. II.) 3. By forming single or compound knots. Although these are in general not dangerous, while the vessels are sufficiently protected against pressure by the Whartonian gelatine, the}' may nevertheless in some cases be drawn so tight as to obstruct the communication between mother and child (Sandifort, Irvets, D. W. H. Busch) ; and sometimes the um- bilical cord breaks off'near the knot when the vessels have become obliterated by the pres- sure. Fig. 598. gives an example of this in an acephalus. Fig. Malformed Fcetua, shnwincf the cord entwined around the neck and part of the body. {After Bonn.) 5. The umbilical cord too short. — Wrisberg gives as a minimum a measure of seven inches. It may, however, be much less. This short- ness of the cord is in general accompanied by a deformity of the foetus, usually by ectopia of the abdominal viscera, by which it indi- dicntes an arrest of developement at an earlier period of embryogenesis. In this way we should interpret' the accounts of absence of the umbilical cord. G. Absence of one of the umbilical arteries, is even obser
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