. Electric railways; a treatise on the modern development of electric traction, including practical instruction in the latest approved methods of electric equipment and operation . r nnnnn xz TL nnnnnnnn Track niLZ TTTT connected to the trolley wire, and tlie ]K)les to the railsand ground. The various electric motor cars, heing connected inparallel or multiple between the trolley wire and the ground, drawwhatever current is necessary for their operation. Where the conduitsystem is used, both sides of the circuit are insulated from the ground,and the contact shoe or plow collects curr
. Electric railways; a treatise on the modern development of electric traction, including practical instruction in the latest approved methods of electric equipment and operation . r nnnnn xz TL nnnnnnnn Track niLZ TTTT connected to the trolley wire, and tlie ]K)les to the railsand ground. The various electric motor cars, heing connected inparallel or multiple between the trolley wire and the ground, drawwhatever current is necessary for their operation. Where the conduitsystem is used, both sides of the circuit are insulated from the ground,and the contact shoe or plow collects current from two conductingrails in the conduit, one of these conducting rails being positive and. Fig. 2. ]i:iiUvay Motor. the other negative. A double-trollev svsteni is also in use to a limitedextent. In this system, both the positive and the negative sides ofthe circuit are msulated from the ground, one trolley wire beingpositive and the other negative. Further discussion of \\w matters just outlined will be takenup in the succeeding pages. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS CAR The voltage most commonly employed by electric railways is500 to 600; and the motors are 500-volt direct-current series-woundmotors, designed especially for railway service. The electric railwaymotor must he dustproof and waterproof because of the position itoccupies under the car. For this reason electric railway motors aremade in the form of a steel case (Fig. 2), which entirely surroundsthe field-magnet poles and takes the place of the yokes or framesthat support the fields on stationary motors. Cast steel is the materialnow usually employed for railway motor cases and fields, on account
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