. The science and art of midwifery . The so-called foeto-amniotic bands* thus formed may, by mechani-cal compression, result in various fetal deformities, or in spontaneousinfra-uterine amputation. Anomalies of the Umbilical Cord. I. Torsion—Torsion consists in such a rotation of the umbilicalcord upon its longitudinal axis that its vessels are thereby renderednearly or quite impermeable. It occurs most frequently in foetuseswhich have advanced beyond the middle period of normal utero-gesta-tion, particularly, according to Spiegelberg,f in those of the seventh * POest, Arch. f. Gtynaek., Bd. i
. The science and art of midwifery . The so-called foeto-amniotic bands* thus formed may, by mechani-cal compression, result in various fetal deformities, or in spontaneousinfra-uterine amputation. Anomalies of the Umbilical Cord. I. Torsion—Torsion consists in such a rotation of the umbilicalcord upon its longitudinal axis that its vessels are thereby renderednearly or quite impermeable. It occurs most frequently in foetuseswhich have advanced beyond the middle period of normal utero-gesta-tion, particularly, according to Spiegelberg,f in those of the seventh * POest, Arch. f. Gtynaek., Bd. ii, 171. p. 8iaf Spikgelbebg, Lehrbuch, p. :r>. 294 THE PATHOLOGY OF PREGNANCY. month. It is, however, often met with in fo3tuses of an earlier a comparatively recent period, authors have unreservedly attrib-uted torsion to active movements on the part of the foetus, and re-garded it as the cause of the hitters death. Martin* has shown thatthis theory is untenable for the majority of cases, because the patho-. Fio. 131.—Torsion of the cord. (Schauta.) logical conditions which result, from fetal death induced by torsion,whether rapidly or slowly produced, are almost, invariably morbid anatomical processes embrace rupture of the umbilicalblood-vessels, and extravasations, for cases of sudden origin, and con-gestion, with oedema, for those more gradually developed. Martin * Martin, Ztschr. f. Geburtsh. u. Gynaek., Bd. Li, Hefl S, 1878, p. 346. DISEASES OF THE OVUM. 2(.C> therefore concluded that torsion was a post-mortem event, resultingfrom rotation of the foetus produced by maternal movements. Huge *earnestly advocated the same view, and suggested the various morbidchanges due to syphilis, endometritis placentaris, and sub-placentalhaemorrhage as the cause of fetal death in cases which subsequentlydeveloped numerous torsions. Schauta f appears as a recent championof the same theory, although he admits that loose torsions, incapableof producing act
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