San Francisco water . s supply north ofthe city, the others from the east and thesoutheast. The Vetus and the Novus securedtheir supply from the Anio River. The Mar-cia and the Claudia had their source insprings that flowed an enormous quantity ofwater. The discharge capacity of the totalof these aqueducts is extremely problem-atical. Estimates and calculations made bydifferent engineers van- from 60,000,000gallons to 400,000,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. Herschell, an American engi-neer, makes the estimate of 84,000,000 gal-lons—54,000,000 used within the city and30,000,000 without. He c
San Francisco water . s supply north ofthe city, the others from the east and thesoutheast. The Vetus and the Novus securedtheir supply from the Anio River. The Mar-cia and the Claudia had their source insprings that flowed an enormous quantity ofwater. The discharge capacity of the totalof these aqueducts is extremely problem-atical. Estimates and calculations made bydifferent engineers van- from 60,000,000gallons to 400,000,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. Herschell, an American engi-neer, makes the estimate of 84,000,000 gal-lons—54,000,000 used within the city and30,000,000 without. He calculated that theClaudia and the Novus each could carry16,800,000 gallons. The daily consumptionin the city he put at 20,000,000 gallons, orthirty-eight gallons per inhabitant. In thedistribution system the water was suppliedthrough lead, stone, and terra-cotta of the lead pipe was as large as eight-een inches in diameter. With the decline of the Roman Empire,and with the centuries of spoliation that fol-. Claudia and Anio Novus near Porta Furba. Repairs weredone in brick and in a composite of concrete and brick lowed, the system fell into decay and thousand years have passed, the topog-raphy of the country has changed consider-ably, and seismic disturbances have causedthe valley to rise and become distorted. De-spite detached ruins covering many miles ofterritory, engineers are unable to reconstructthe whole system on paper. But Frontinushas assisted us in a fair understanding of it.
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1920, booksubjectwatersupply, bookyear
