The mass and vestments of the Catholic church, liturgical, doctrinal, historical and archaeological . n the great square of The tube was an ordinary accompaniment ofthe chalice when the laity received Communion SI PPLEMENTARY VESTMENTS 485 ^f under both species to prevent even accidental ir-reverence. It was called tube, calamus, fistula,canna, virgula, siphon and pugillaris. The Tiara—thusnamed in French,Italian, Latin andGreek as designa-ting a Persian head-dress—is the triplePapal crown wornfor the first timeby the Popes dur-ing their residenceat Avignon. Themonument of Bene-dict
The mass and vestments of the Catholic church, liturgical, doctrinal, historical and archaeological . n the great square of The tube was an ordinary accompaniment ofthe chalice when the laity received Communion SI PPLEMENTARY VESTMENTS 485 ^f under both species to prevent even accidental ir-reverence. It was called tube, calamus, fistula,canna, virgula, siphon and pugillaris. The Tiara—thusnamed in French,Italian, Latin andGreek as designa-ting a Persian head-dress—is the triplePapal crown wornfor the first timeby the Popes dur-ing their residenceat Avignon. Themonument of Bene-dict XII (1334-1342) in the Ca-thedral of Avignonrepresents the Popewith a tiara or triplecrown and this is its earliest appearance. It is athree-fold crown because it bears an historic,mystic and doctrinal significancy. The Popes inexile at Avignon emphasized by the tiara theirsovereignty as supreme pontiffs, kings of Romeand bestowers of the imperial dignity. Sirleti says it is a memorial of the crowns giventhe Roman Pontiffs by Constantine, Clovis andCharlemagne. John XXII interprets it as ex-. TIARA AND PAPAL COAT-OF ARMS 486 The Mass and Vestments hibiting the power of the Popes over the Churchmilitant, suffering and triumphant. Theologiansdefine it as a symbol of three-fold authority,doctrinal, sacramental and pastoral, or the Papalpower as derived from a triple source, knowledge,authority and influence. Others explain it as symbolic of the triple mis-sion of Christ: Prophet, Priest and Pastor. Thetiara is worn in processions, but always gives placeto the mitre in functions purely spintual. CARDINALITIAL. The most conspicuous among the cardinalsinsignia is the red hat—a broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat, the peculiar appanage of the cardi-nalate as a crown is of royalty. Its purpose istypical and suggestive rather than practical. It isnever donned save at the moment of death it is suspended over the tomb as thatof Richelieu in the Sorbonne, Paris, or in t
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