. Nelson's History of the war. of Stanislau,and the menace to the Stanislau-Stryj line the next fortnight the Austrian right wasslowly pushed back almost to the Kolomea-Czerno-witz line. By 21st March the position in theCarpathians was that the Russians held ^the Dukla, and were close on the crestof the Lupkow. They did not hold the Rostoki orthe Uzsok, but held in strength the northern de-bouchments, so that they were of no use to theenemy. All the passes to the east of the Uzsokwere in Austrian hands, but the true debouchmentshad not been won till the Jablonitza was reached,fr
. Nelson's History of the war. of Stanislau,and the menace to the Stanislau-Stryj line the next fortnight the Austrian right wasslowly pushed back almost to the Kolomea-Czerno-witz line. By 21st March the position in theCarpathians was that the Russians held ^the Dukla, and were close on the crestof the Lupkow. They did not hold the Rostoki orthe Uzsok, but held in strength the northern de-bouchments, so that they were of no use to theenemy. All the passes to the east of the Uzsokwere in Austrian hands, but the true debouchmentshad not been won till the Jablonitza was reached,from which point to the Rumanian frontier theAustrian armies were from sixty to a hundred milesnorth of the watershed. The main strategicalobject of the offensive had failed, for Przemysl wasno nearer to relief or Lemberg to recapture. But on Monday, 22nd March, an event hap-pened which altered the nature of the yj^^^campaign. After an investment of nearlyseven months Przemysl fell. The city of Przemysl has been famous as a for-. THE BATTLES FOR THE PASSES. 57 tress for nearly a thousand years. In the earlyages it held the outlets of the main passesbetween Hungary and the north—a Turin or aVerona of the East. Often these old mountaincitadels have been hardly used by the modernworld; railways have shunned them, the routewhich made their fame has been left to gypsiesand foot travellers, and the once famous fort standslike an empty sentry-box at the gate of a dismantledpalace. But Przemysl has never lost its first modern forts were begun in 1871 ; it wasenlarged in 1887, when there was a prospect oftrouble with Russia ; it was rebuilt in 1896 ; and wasfully brought up to date in 1909, It was the first ofAustrias defensive schemes against an eastern San, descending from its source at the Uzsokin a wide circuit of mountain glens, washes its wallsjust before it leaves the foothills, and turns north-wards into the Galician plains. The valleys aroundare broad and
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