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The ancient port of Jaffa has changed hands many times in the course of history. Archeological excavations from 1955 to 1974 unearthed towers and gates from the Middle Bronze Age.[20] Subsequent excavations, from 1997 onwards, helped date earlier discoveries.[20] They also exposed sections of a packed-sandstone glacis and a "massive brick wall", dating from the Late Bronze Age as well as a temple "attributed to the Sea Peoples" and dwellings from the Iron Age.[20] Remnants of buildings from the Persian, Hellenistic and Pharaonic periods were also discovered.[20] The city is first mentioned in letters from 1470 BCE that record its conquest by Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III.[7] Jaffa is mentioned several times in the Bible, as the port from which Jonah set sail for Tarshish;[21] as bordering on the territory of the Tribe of Dan;[22] and as the port at which the wood for Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem arrived from Lebanon.[23] In 1099, the Christian armies of the First Crusade, led by Godfrey of Bouillon occupied Jaffa, which had been abandoned by the Muslims, fortified the town and improved its harbor.[24] As the County of Jaffa, the town soon become important as the main sea supply route for the Kingdom of Jerusalem.[25] Jaffa was captured by Saladin in 1192 but swiftly re-taken by Richard Coeur de Lion, who added to its defenses.[26] In 1223, Emperor Frederick II added further fortications.[26] Crusader domination ended in 1268, when the Mamluk Sultan Baibars captured the town, destroyed its harbor and razed its fortifications.[26][27] To prevent further Crusader incursions, the city was ransacked in 1336, 1344 and 1346 by Nasir al-Din Muhammad.[28] In the 16th century, Jaffa was conquered by the Ottomans and was administered as a village in the Sanjak of Gaza.[27] According to some sources it has been a port for at least 4,000 years,[29] Napoleon besieged the city in 1799 and killed scores of inhabitants; a plague epidemic followed, decimating the remaining populat
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Keywords: ., , , 300., 391, 1909, 1950, 2008., ancient, arab, area, aviv, aviv-yafo, called, cit, city, coastline, commonly, dan, establishment, estimated, founded, glass, governed, growth, gush, headed, home, huldai. tel, israel, israel., israeli, jaffa, kilometres, land, largely, largest, mediterranean, merged, metropolitan, million, municipality, outpaced, outskirts, people, population, populous, port, ron, single, situated, square, state, tel, time., wall, white, years
