. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Fig. 5. Anterior face of Tl of a female Xi/locopn (Plnlyiwpodn)* temiiscapm. Abbre\'iations: a = entrance to the acarinarium; g = gradulus; Tl = dorsal surface of tergum 1; SI = sternum 1; sp = spiracle. ^Regarded as a member of the subgenus Mesotrichia herein. 36. Apical margin of SI.—(0) Entire, not produced; (1) produced (Hurd and Moure, 1963, Fig. 44); (2) medially emarginate (Hurd and Moure, 1964, Fig. 43). State 1 occurs in all outgrou
. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Fig. 5. Anterior face of Tl of a female Xi/locopn (Plnlyiwpodn)* temiiscapm. Abbre\'iations: a = entrance to the acarinarium; g = gradulus; Tl = dorsal surface of tergum 1; SI = sternum 1; sp = spiracle. ^Regarded as a member of the subgenus Mesotrichia herein. 36. Apical margin of SI.—(0) Entire, not produced; (1) produced (Hurd and Moure, 1963, Fig. 44); (2) medially emarginate (Hurd and Moure, 1964, Fig. 43). State 1 occurs in all outgroup taxa. This character was coded as nonadditive. 37. Medial carina on S6 of male.—(0) Absent or not developed into a keel; (1) strongly developed, forming a keel. In Ceratina, a member of the outgroup, a carina is present on S6 but is never developed into a strong keel. 38. Medial carina on metasomal sternum of female.— (0) Carina not present on all sterna or not continuous; (1) continuous and present on all sterna. A well-defined me- dial carina on all female sterna clearly is apomorphic for the ingroup, although in some outgroup taxa (Ceraiina laeta, C. nipestris and Megaceratina sculpturata) a weakly devel- oped medial carina occurs on S6 and in many members of the ingroup, a carina occurs on all sterna, although it is weakly developed or not continuous. 39. Pregradular areas on sterna of male.—(0) Paired setal patches absent; (1) paired setal patches present on at least one sternum (Fig. 6A). In the ingroup, these most of- ten are on S2-S6, but in many taxa they occur on fewer sterna. State 1 is not found in the outgroup. 40. Distinct patch of appressed short setae anterior and dorsal to one or more metasomal spiracles of male.—(0) Absent; (1) present (Fig. 6B). In most taxa these are found on T2- T5, but in some taxa they are on fewer terga. State 1 is not found in the outgroup. 41. Pygidial spine of T6 of female.—(0) Not armed with lateral preapical spines (Fi
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