. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative; Vertebrates -- Anatomy. CRANIAL NERVES. 159 Both vagus and glossopharyngeal are always closely connected with the sympathetic system by anastomoses: in Fishes the glosso- pharyngeal supplies the region of the first (hyobranchial) cleft, while in the higher Vertebrates it passes to the tongue as the nerve of taste, and, like the vagus, gives rise to a pharyngeal plexus. Ulat. FICJ. 130.—CRANIAL NERVES AND BHACHIAL PLEXUS OF Scyllium canicula. II, optic nerve ; ///, oculomotor ; IV, trochlear ; Va (upper), superficial br
. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative; Vertebrates -- Anatomy. CRANIAL NERVES. 159 Both vagus and glossopharyngeal are always closely connected with the sympathetic system by anastomoses: in Fishes the glosso- pharyngeal supplies the region of the first (hyobranchial) cleft, while in the higher Vertebrates it passes to the tongue as the nerve of taste, and, like the vagus, gives rise to a pharyngeal plexus. Ulat. FICJ. 130.—CRANIAL NERVES AND BHACHIAL PLEXUS OF Scyllium canicula. II, optic nerve ; ///, oculomotor ; IV, trochlear ; Va (upper), superficial branch, and Va (lower), deep branch of the first division of the trigeminal (the two branches anastomose at * within the nasal capsule) ; Vbe, maxillo-niandibular branch ; Vb, maxillary branch ; Vc, mandibular branch ; VI, abducent; VII, facial ; VIIa, its hyomandibular branch ; VIP, its palatine branch ; /A', glossopharyn- geal ; -X", vagus; Rial, its lateral branch ; ttt, gill-clefts ; 1 to 14, the first fourteen spinal nerves, forming the brachial plexus (] ; 0, auditory capsule ; Sp, spiracle ; Or, orbit ; AfS, cleft of mouth. Spinal Accessory.—This nerve arises some distance back along the cervical portion of the spinal cord, in the region from which the fourth to fifth cervical nerves come off; from this point it passes forwards, taking up fibres from the cervical nerves as it goes. It extends along the side of the medulla oblongata into the cranial cavity, there becomes associated with the root of the vagus, and leaves the skull through the same foramen as the latter. It appears plainly for the first time in Chelonia, and supplies certain of the muscles related to the pectoral arch, the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius. Hypoglossal.—This purely motor nerve closely resembles a spinal nerve, and is distributed (having here and there anastomoses with the cervical plexus) to certain muscles lying on the floor of the mouth, and to others extending b
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