. Bulletin. Science; Natural history; Natural history. 186 BULLETIN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOLUME 75. Table 2. The occurrence of action patterns in spe- cies of Hypsoblenniiis. 1, indicates present hut rare: 2, indicates that it is common: Dash indicates that it was not observed. No courtship was seen in H. sordidus. Figure 4. Display postures of//ypjoft/f/i/K/^.? spp. A) side-roll: B) backwalk; C) low intensity head-up; D) high intensity head-up: E) low intensity tail-up: F) high intensity tail-up. Aggression.—Any action pattern with a low flee to attack ratio and low intensi
. Bulletin. Science; Natural history; Natural history. 186 BULLETIN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOLUME 75. Table 2. The occurrence of action patterns in spe- cies of Hypsoblenniiis. 1, indicates present hut rare: 2, indicates that it is common: Dash indicates that it was not observed. No courtship was seen in H. sordidus. Figure 4. Display postures of//ypjoft/f/i/K/^.? spp. A) side-roll: B) backwalk; C) low intensity head-up; D) high intensity head-up: E) low intensity tail-up: F) high intensity tail-up. Aggression.—Any action pattern with a low flee to attack ratio and low intensity: 1) Head up, the body is arched to raise the head which is enlarged by expansion of the oro-branchial chamber. The dorsal fin is usually erected. The actor faces the opponent at low threat intensities (Fig. 4C) but turns the head 15° to 45° to one side at higher intensities (Fig. 4D). It is usually an initial threat or challenge; 2) Nod, the head is slowly raised and lowered in repeated resumption of the head-up display. Between the species, it ranges from a rare display of irregular form to a common threat behavior with highly ritualized form in H. brevipinnis: 3) Open mouth, the mouth is opened, usually to the ma.\imum extent, and held open while facing the opponent (Fig. 4F). Strong Aggression.—Actions having a low flee to attack ratio and high intensity; 1) Tail-up. the body is arched with the head held next to the sub- strate, the tail is raised and the anal and soft dorsal fin erected. The head-up display slowly changes to a tail-up as the intensity of an encounter builds Action Pattern jenkinsl robustus sordidits brevi- pirinis gentilis Backwalk 2 2 2 2 2 Flee 2 2 2 2 2 Side Roll 2 2 2 2 2 Head-up 2 2 1 2 2 Nod 1 1 1 2 _ Tail-up 1 1 0 1 _ Run 2 2 2 2 1 Carousel 2 2 2 2 1 Tail-beat 1 1 1 1 1 Open-mouth 1 1 2 1 2 Bite 2 2 2 2 2 Head-jerk 2 2 ? 2 2 Quiver 2 2 ? 2 2 Circle-cave 1 2 9 1 _ Rear _ _ 7 _ 2 Rub 2 2 ? 2 2 Spit 2 2 7 2 2 Circle-spit 1 2 ? - - Number of ind
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