. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. B 0 8 10 12 14 Flight speed (m s') I Sonomicrometry D Kinematic (Dial et al. '97) Magpie 3 sonomicrometry vs Dial et al. '97 Kinematic. 8 10 12 14 Flight speed (m s') â Sonomicrometry D Kinematic (Dial et al'97) Figure 3. (A) Mean percent (standard deviations) pectoralis muscle strain (change in fiber length/resting fiber length x 100) of the three magpies over the range of flight speeds. (B) Mean pectoralis muscle strain for magpie 3 compared with pectoralis muscle strain estimated from distal wing kinematics from ou
. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. B 0 8 10 12 14 Flight speed (m s') I Sonomicrometry D Kinematic (Dial et al. '97) Magpie 3 sonomicrometry vs Dial et al. '97 Kinematic. 8 10 12 14 Flight speed (m s') â Sonomicrometry D Kinematic (Dial et al'97) Figure 3. (A) Mean percent (standard deviations) pectoralis muscle strain (change in fiber length/resting fiber length x 100) of the three magpies over the range of flight speeds. (B) Mean pectoralis muscle strain for magpie 3 compared with pectoralis muscle strain estimated from distal wing kinematics from our previous study. metabolic data (Ellington, 1991), and our earlier findings based on force measure- ments and wing kinematics. Despite the general consistency of our measurements of pectoralis length change with those based previously on wing ki- nematics, sonomicrometry has a clear ad- vantage by providing a direct measure of the lengthening and shortening of the muscle's fascicles relative to their resting length. This enables an assessment of the fractional length change of the muscle as- sociated with active lengthening versus ac- tive shortening. Consistent with earlier ki-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cambridge, Mass. : The Museum
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