. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis . Oceanic Antarctic Terrestrial biomes â Tropical and sub-tropical moist broadleaf forests I I Tropical and sub-tropical dry broadleaf forests I I Tropical and sub-tropical coniferous forests I I Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ^1 Temperate coniferous forests I I Boreal forests / Taiga I i Tundra I Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub I I Tropical and sub-tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands I I Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands I I Montane grasslands and shrublands I :â â [ Flooded grasslands and sava
. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis . Oceanic Antarctic Terrestrial biomes â Tropical and sub-tropical moist broadleaf forests I I Tropical and sub-tropical dry broadleaf forests I I Tropical and sub-tropical coniferous forests I I Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ^1 Temperate coniferous forests I I Boreal forests / Taiga I i Tundra I Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub I I Tropical and sub-tropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands I I Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands I I Montane grasslands and shrublands I :â â [ Flooded grasslands and savannas [23 Mangroves I Deserts and Xeric shrublands Realm boundaries Rock and ice Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment dense their wood isâare usually the key species drivers of an ecosystem's processing of matter and energy. Thus conserving or restoring the composition of biological communities, rather than simply maximizing species numbers, is critical to maintaining ecosystem services (CI , CI ). Local or functional extinction, or the reduction of popula- tions to the point that they no longer contribute to ecosystem functioning, can have dramatic impacts on ecosystem services. Local extinctions (the loss of a species from a local area) and functional extinctions (the reduction of a species such that it no longer plays a significant role in ecosystem function) have received little attention compared with global extinctions (loss of all individuals of a species from its entire range). Loss of ecosys- tem functions, and the services derived from them, however, occurs long before global extinction. Often, when the function- ing of a local ecosystem has been pushed beyond a certain limit by direct or indirect biodiversity alterations, the ecosystem- service losses may persist for a very long time (CI 1). Changes in biotic interactions among speciesâpredation, parasitism, competition, and facilitationâcan lead to dispro- portionately large, irreversible, and often
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