. The cost of producing apples in Hood River Valley : a detailed study, made in 1915, of the current-cost factors involved in the maintenance of orchards and the handling of the crop on 54 farms . er rain occurs. Beginningabout May 15, those who practice clean cultivation go over theground about once every two weeks until the middle of July. Theselater harrowings are performed usually with weeders (see fig. 8) or 24 BULLETIN 518, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. with spike-tooth harrows. These tools are usually light, the aim be-ing not to cultivate deep, but to keep a mulch on the soil and ke
. The cost of producing apples in Hood River Valley : a detailed study, made in 1915, of the current-cost factors involved in the maintenance of orchards and the handling of the crop on 54 farms . er rain occurs. Beginningabout May 15, those who practice clean cultivation go over theground about once every two weeks until the middle of July. Theselater harrowings are performed usually with weeders (see fig. 8) or 24 BULLETIN 518, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. with spike-tooth harrows. These tools are usually light, the aim be-ing not to cultivate deep, but to keep a mulch on the soil and keep theorchard free from weeds. Each tool is often run both ways, andfrequently is zigzagged to form a figure eight about the trees. Rilling the orchards for irrigation is discussed under Irrigation,but is charged to cultivating time. In the case of the orchards undermulch crop, the crop is sown usually during the summer and is leftdown for a varying number of years. It is not necessary to reseedunless the orchard is plowed up and cultivated, thus killing the practice of turning the mulch crop under annually, common inthe East, is not general here. When these orchards are plowed up. Fig. 8.—The common type of weeder used in cultivating. The driver rides, his weighthelping to force the knives into the soil. The tips of the branches of the young treesare being sprayed for aphis. and cultivated, about the same general system is followed as in thecase of the orchards which are clean cultivated annually. Orchardsin alfalfa usually are disked every spring; sometimes a spring-toothalso is used. The average time required for the different operations in cultiva-tion was in each instance more in the case of mulch-crop orchardsthan in those under the clean-culture system. As will be seen inTable VII, the cost of disking an acre once over is about the samefor both types of management, but there is a difference of $ peracre in the case of the spring-tooth, $ per acre for t
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