Iron ores, salt and sandstones . of the ore is completed. The iron andslag in molten state drop into the well of the furnace; thelighter slag floating on top is tapped off from time to time,while the pig iron is removed every few hours, and flowsdown a main channel in sand known as the sow, and fromthis runs into smaller molds in the sand, forming the pigs,which are about 3 feet long, weighing 70 to 100 pounds. In the Pittsburg district, a blast furnace 80 feet highwith total capacity of 18,200 cubic feet, working on ore with59 per cent metallic iron, required for every ton of pig iron1,882 po
Iron ores, salt and sandstones . of the ore is completed. The iron andslag in molten state drop into the well of the furnace; thelighter slag floating on top is tapped off from time to time,while the pig iron is removed every few hours, and flowsdown a main channel in sand known as the sow, and fromthis runs into smaller molds in the sand, forming the pigs,which are about 3 feet long, weighing 70 to 100 pounds. In the Pittsburg district, a blast furnace 80 feet highwith total capacity of 18,200 cubic feet, working on ore with59 per cent metallic iron, required for every ton of pig iron1,882 pounds of coke, 1,011 pounds of limestone, 3,613 poundsof ore and produced 1,200 pounds of slag to the ton of iron(Campbell, p. 76). From a study of the condition in a working blast furnace,the measurements of gases, observations of temperatures,etc., Campbell (page 80) determined the following conditionsto be present: » Campbell, Manufacture and Properties of Iron and Steel, p. 64. 90 METALLURGY OF IRON AND STEEL, fusion LevelB. Lumps of Co!:eLumps of Iron OreLumps of LimeDrops of Slag Fig. 3. Lower Part of the Blast Furnace (Henry M. Howe in Eng. & Mining Journal). WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 91 i. Of all the heat energy contained in the coke chargedin a blast furnace, almost exactly one-half goes away in thetunnel gases, a small part as sensible heat, but most of itas unburned carbonic oxide (CO). 2. This proportion of heat so lost is about the samewhether the furnace is working on lean ores with a highconsumption of fuel or rich ores with a low fuel ratio. 3. The other half of the energy is used in reducing theiron ore, in melting the iron and slag, in losses from conduc-tion and radiation, and in minor chemical reactions. Campbell reaches the following conclusions as to heatdistribution and requirements in a modern blast furnace: 4. The heat needed for the reduction of the ore callsfor between 20 and 25 per cent of all the energy deliveredto the furnace. 5. The fusion
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