History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . t of his hands. 597. Frederick I (Barbarossa) of Hohenstaufen (11S2-1190).A generation after the matter of investitures had been arrangedby the Concordat of Worms the most famous of German em-perors, next to Charlemagne, came to the throne. This was Fred-erick I, commonly called Barbarossa (from his red beard). Hebelonged to the family of Hohenstaufen, so called from their castlein southern Germany. Fredericks ambition was to restore theRoman Empire to its old glory and influence. He regarded him-self as the s
History of Europe, ancient and medieval: Earliest man, the Orient, Greece and Rome . t of his hands. 597. Frederick I (Barbarossa) of Hohenstaufen (11S2-1190).A generation after the matter of investitures had been arrangedby the Concordat of Worms the most famous of German em-perors, next to Charlemagne, came to the throne. This was Fred-erick I, commonly called Barbarossa (from his red beard). Hebelonged to the family of Hohenstaufen, so called from their castlein southern Germany. Fredericks ambition was to restore theRoman Empire to its old glory and influence. He regarded him-self as the successor of the Caesars, as well as of Charlemagne andOtto the Great. He believed his office to be quite as truly estab-lished by God himself as the papacy. 396 History of Europe In his lifelong attempt to maintain what he thought to be hisrights as emperor he met, quite naturally, with the three olddifficulties. He had constantly to be fighting his rivals andrebellious vassals in Germany; he had to face the opposition ofthe popes, who never forgot the claims that Gregory VII had. Italian Towns in the Twelfth Century made to control the emperor as well as other rulers. Lastly,in trying to keep hold of northern Italy, which he believed tobelong to his empire, he spent a great deal of time with butslight results. 598. The Attempt to conquer the Lombard Towns. One ofthe greatest differences between the early Middle Ages and Fred-ericks time was the development of town life. The towns hadnever decayed altogether in Italy, and by the time of Frederick Popes and Emperors 397 Barbarossa they had begun to flourish once more, especially inLombardy. Such towns as Milan, Verona, and Cremona werepractically independent states, often fighting one another. But in spite of all the warfare and disorder the Italian citiesbecame wealthy and, as we shall see later, were centers oflearning and art similar to the ancient cities of Greece, such asAthens and Corinth. They were able to combine in a un
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