Early geophysical papers of the Early geophysical papers of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists earlygeophysical00soci Year: 1947 ADVANCES IN OIL PROSPECTING 97 (b) Mineral waters with varying concentrations. Such waters are ordi- narily locally limited, and are not commonly encountered on the sur- face of oil-bearing structures; they are not of as great importance for our problem as those previously mentioned, and the deep wat- ers to be discussed now. B. Deep waters. (a) Connate waters. These waters are ordinarily encountered in oil fields. As the name indi- cates, their origin dates b
Early geophysical papers of the Early geophysical papers of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists earlygeophysical00soci Year: 1947 ADVANCES IN OIL PROSPECTING 97 (b) Mineral waters with varying concentrations. Such waters are ordi- narily locally limited, and are not commonly encountered on the sur- face of oil-bearing structures; they are not of as great importance for our problem as those previously mentioned, and the deep wat- ers to be discussed now. B. Deep waters. (a) Connate waters. These waters are ordinarily encountered in oil fields. As the name indi- cates, their origin dates back to the time when the formations were laid down in sedimentary basins. They contain chlorides of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium. They differ from sea water, however, by the abundance of calcium chloride and by the absence of sulphates. They are distinguished by a very wide range of concen- trations, from dilute to concentrated solutions. Consequently, their resistance also varies within wide limits, to as low as a few ohms cm-3. (b) Mine waters. These waters are ordinarily solutions of metal sulphates, but they also contain carbonates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium. They vary widely in resistivity which may be as low as 30 ohms cm-3. The most important chemical constituent of waters of all kinds which determines their conductivity is the chlorine content. Figure 1 b illustrates the relation between resistivity and chlorine content for three ranges of concentration. â CTCTBta w - Jf* nr - 11 l^MLJ 1 f/t»t*ui v j vvi t t it* v fuaz SJbm* Fig. 1.âFactors controlling resistivity of rock waters (after Sundberg). a: Relation between resistance factor P=px/p and percentual volume v of water in rocks. (px=resistivity considering grain arrangement; p = resistivity not considering grain arrangement.) b: Relation between chlorine content of waters and their specific electric resistance. c: Relation between temperature and specific electric resistance for electroly
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