. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. ~' ^%s ^, -v* ? " .^ ^v - * * ^ *^^ '"'^w FIG. 23-8 Petran bush In Utah. Band-tailed pigeon Common bushtit Acorn woodpecker Blue-gray gnatcatcher Lewis' woodpecker Scott's oriole Muttall's woodpecker Western bluebird Ladder-backed wood- Hutton's vireo pecker Black-throated gray Ash-throated flycatcher warbler Gray flycatcher Grace's warbler Coues' flycatcher Olive warbler Scrub jay Painted redstart Pinon jay Hepatic tanager Plain titmouse Lawrence's goldfinch Rattlesnakes, lizards, and horned toads invade from the desert but are not particularly char
. Animal Ecology. Animal ecology. ~' ^%s ^, -v* ? " .^ ^v - * * ^ *^^ '"'^w FIG. 23-8 Petran bush In Utah. Band-tailed pigeon Common bushtit Acorn woodpecker Blue-gray gnatcatcher Lewis' woodpecker Scott's oriole Muttall's woodpecker Western bluebird Ladder-backed wood- Hutton's vireo pecker Black-throated gray Ash-throated flycatcher warbler Gray flycatcher Grace's warbler Coues' flycatcher Olive warbler Scrub jay Painted redstart Pinon jay Hepatic tanager Plain titmouse Lawrence's goldfinch Rattlesnakes, lizards, and horned toads invade from the desert but are not particularly characteristic of the woodland itself. Invertebrate populations are relatively low, and consist principally of spiders, ants, termites, jumping plant-lice, and a sprinkling of ich- neumonids, flies, leafhoppers, beetles, and banded- wing locusts (Rasmussen 1941). CHAPARRAL BIOME Chaparral, in the strict sense, consists of xeric broad-leaved evergreen bushes, shrubs, or dwarf trees, usually not more than m (8 ft) high, and occurring in more or less continuous stands. Be- neath the bushes and shrubs there may be abundant ground litter. Chaparral is less dense where there are rock outcroppings and grass. Most species readily produce sprouts after their tops are destroyed by fire, provided fire does not occur too frequently; germina- tion of some seeds is hastened by the heat of the fire. Chaparral tends to spread as a serai stage into areas of montane forest and woodland when the latter is destroyed by fire. Although chaparral is doubtless serai over nuich of its range, it appears to be climax over fairly large areas in southern California and northern Baja California, and a narrow belt on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada and southern Rockies. Broad-leaved evergreen chaparral also occurs, with woodland, around the Mediterranean and elsewhere on other continents. PLANT ASSOCIATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA Coastal chaparral occurs from southern Oregon to northern Baja California and eastwar
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookcollectionbiodive, booksubjectanimalecology
