. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 6 8 time (min) Figure 6. NGIWYamide (10 â ⢠M) stiffened the dermis of Holntlm- rid leucospilom as seen here by an increase in counterforce in the oscillatory strain test. Washing with artificial seawater (ASWi lowered the counterforce to nearly the initial value. holokinins: it stiffened the dermis in 52 out of 120 sam- ples of both sea cucumber species. Compared to the ho- lokinins. NGIWYamide had a longer reaction time (the reaction occurring within 100 s of application), the reac- tion was often slower, and the extent o
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 6 8 time (min) Figure 6. NGIWYamide (10 â ⢠M) stiffened the dermis of Holntlm- rid leucospilom as seen here by an increase in counterforce in the oscillatory strain test. Washing with artificial seawater (ASWi lowered the counterforce to nearly the initial value. holokinins: it stiffened the dermis in 52 out of 120 sam- ples of both sea cucumber species. Compared to the ho- lokinins. NGIWYamide had a longer reaction time (the reaction occurring within 100 s of application), the reac- tion was often slower, and the extent of stiffening was very variable. In oscillation tests the maximal counter- force increased, showing a stiffening of the sample (Fig. 6) to maximal 194%. Recovery ( softening of the sample) occuned frequently after washing with ASW. In creep tests (Fig. 7) relative viscosity increased to maximal 220% of the initial value, without recovery after washing with ASW. As in holokinins, anesthesia for 10 inin in ASW satu- rated with menthol blocked the effect of NGIWYamide reversibly. Stichopin by itself had no effect on dermal stiffness during our tests. However, when samples were treated with stichopin at 10 "' or 10" M for 30 min, the effect of ACh was blocked in creep tests and in forced vibration tests of both sea cucumber species (Fig. 8). In controls, ACh had a stiffening effect or a biphasic effectâfirst stiffening, then softening. Altogether, stichopin com- pletely blocked the effect of ACh in 27 out of 36 cases, and reduced the effect in the remaining 9 cases. When samples were washed with ASW for at least 1 h, the reactivity of ACh recovered to some extent but never regained the levels seen before treatment with stichopin. Discussion The amino acid sequences of holokinins are homolo- gous with those of bradykinins in vertebrates and wasps (Elliott era/.. 1960; Nakajima, 1988). Vertebrate bradyki- nins have a wide range of effects, mainly on the central nerv
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