A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed. . ter the rest of the section wascomplete. The method of carrying on the work is described on page 691. The approaches to the Harlem River TunnelJ of the New York Subwaywere excavated in open-cut, then roofed over, and the tube thus formedpumped out. The section of this tunnel under the river is lined with cast-iron segments. The single-track tubes of the Pennsylvania R. R. tunnels§ under the *Engtneering News, May 21, 1903, p. 447. •{?Contract Drawing No. C 9. tGeorg
A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed. . ter the rest of the section wascomplete. The method of carrying on the work is described on page 691. The approaches to the Harlem River TunnelJ of the New York Subwaywere excavated in open-cut, then roofed over, and the tube thus formedpumped out. The section of this tunnel under the river is lined with cast-iron segments. The single-track tubes of the Pennsylvania R. R. tunnels§ under the *Engtneering News, May 21, 1903, p. 447. •{?Contract Drawing No. C 9. tGeorge S. Rice in Journal Association of Engineering Societies, Dec, 1902, p. 224. ^Engineering News, Oct. 8, 1903, p. 327. 6qo A TREATISE ON CONCRETE channel of the Hudson River at New York City are designed with a castiron shell made in segments bolted together and lined on the inside withconcrete 2 feet thick. Methods of Tunnel Construction. Concrete side walls and arches intunnels constructed without the use of compressed air are laid by means offorms and centers, whose design varies with the character of the excavation. CONCRETE Fig. 225.— Section of East Boston Tunnel during Construction. (See ) and the general arrangement of the structural machinery.* To provideclearance so that the arch center may be lowered and moved ahead, theside walls may be carried up above the springing line. For supportingthe center, a temporary frame consisting of a timber resting on posts isset up close to each side wall, and the center is jacked up to line and sup-ported by wedges. By placing the side timbers in advance, the arch maybe hauled ahead on rollers by hand tackle or hoisting engine. *In the serial on The New York Rapid Transit Railway, Engineering News, Sept. i8 andOct. 8, 1902, are excellent descriptions with sketches and illustrations of the methods of construc-tion on one of the sections of the New York Subway and in the Harlem Tunnel. See Referenceffor further examples. CO
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