Harper's New Monthly Magazine Volume 104 December 1901 to May 1902 . centuries Europe had no geo-graphical teaching, at least no progres-sive teaching. The Christian Churchseemed to fear that its doctrines and 744 HARPERS MONTHLY MAGAZINE. scienceproveible;fortsbent w ould mcompat-so its ef-were alltow ardteaching its peo-ple a result, evenPtolemys prog-ress was lost, andpeople reverted tothe Homeric Italian poetof the earlyfifteenth centurytells us that a Twithin a circlemakes a map ofthe universe. Ifwe try it (T), wefind the circum-fluent river, theequatorial sea, one
Harper's New Monthly Magazine Volume 104 December 1901 to May 1902 . centuries Europe had no geo-graphical teaching, at least no progres-sive teaching. The Christian Churchseemed to fear that its doctrines and 744 HARPERS MONTHLY MAGAZINE. scienceproveible;fortsbent w ould mcompat-so its ef-were alltow ardteaching its peo-ple a result, evenPtolemys prog-ress was lost, andpeople reverted tothe Homeric Italian poetof the earlyfifteenth centurytells us that a Twithin a circlemakes a map ofthe universe. Ifwe try it (T), wefind the circum-fluent river, theequatorial sea, one large continent tothe north, and two to the south. Thesame idea with one continent to thesouth is shown on the reverse side ofa fifteenth-century medal (Figure L). The cartographers of the Middle Ageswere artists with vivid imaginations,whatever their scientific standing mayhave been. Chaos, the home of the quar-relsome winds, and the mythical animalsupporters of the earth, may all be foundjust at the edge of the worlds rim that prevented the water from. A Map of the World on Mercators Projection flowing over isabout the onlyimprovement that wecannot practicalcan sug-All else isplausible;certainlywonder, as we look uponthe hideous crea-tures of Chaos,that it was neces-sary to use forceand to accept con-victs in order toobtain crews forthe early explora-tions. If we divideour maps intothree generalmaps, maps to illus- classes — artistictrate ideas, and maps to illustrate facts—we may place the works of Olaus Mag-nus among the best examples of thefirst class. His map of Iceland (FigureII.) is particularly good. How happy thepolar bear on the ice-floe seems; also hisfriend who has been fishing. Less fortu-nate appears a third bear, who is endeav-oring to find shelter in a shallow horsemans struggle with the wind inthe upper part of this map suggests fiercegales from the northwest. Evidences of C ARTA M ARINA ET DESCRIPTION^SEPTEMTRIONAHV
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