. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. 346 STOMACH AND INTESTINE. This tunic everywhere consists of the ordi- nary elements of a mucous membrane : — namely, a basement membrane, an epithelium, and a layer of arcolar tissue that contains an admixture of the muscular fibre-cells. But, instead of forming a simple, flat expanse, it undergoes numerous modifications; which, un- der the names of valvuke conniventes, intestinal tubes, villi, agminate follicles, solitary follicles, and racemose glands, will especially claim our notice. ValvultB conniventes. — Almost a
. The cyclopædia of anatomy and physiology. Anatomy; Physiology; Zoology. 346 STOMACH AND INTESTINE. This tunic everywhere consists of the ordi- nary elements of a mucous membrane : — namely, a basement membrane, an epithelium, and a layer of arcolar tissue that contains an admixture of the muscular fibre-cells. But, instead of forming a simple, flat expanse, it undergoes numerous modifications; which, un- der the names of valvuke conniventes, intestinal tubes, villi, agminate follicles, solitary follicles, and racemose glands, will especially claim our notice. ValvultB conniventes. — Almost all the small intestine is complicated by the presence of transverse folds of mucous membrane ; which project from its inner surface into its cavity. These projections, which were known to many of the earlier anatomists, were named by Kerkring the va/vitke conniventes;—apparently from his thinking that they delayed the intes- tinal contents, but still as it were, connived at their passage. They begin in the second portion of the duodenum, and only cease in the lower fifth or sixth of the small intes- tine. They are best shown by moderate dis- tention of the tube with alcohol; which slowly hardens them, so that they retain their shape, even after a portion of the wall of the bowel has been removed to display its interior.— Fig. Small intestine distended and hardened by alcohol, and laid open to show the valvu/a; conniventes occupying its interior. {From a preparation in the Museum of King's Col/eye.) Extreme distention greatly diminishes their size, but never effaces them altogether. And such a permanent character sufficiently distin- guishes these folds from those temporary creasings which are seen generally throughout the stomach and intestine, and which are sometimes spoken of as preceding them in the first part of the duodenum. At first they are very small and scattered, rise little above the general mucous surface, extend but a short distance across the tube,
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