. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology. A REVIEW OF WING REDUCTION IN LEPIDOPTER A signella (Hiibner) in the European Alps, although flightless (Burmann, 1947: 84), is only slightly brachypterous (Figs 15, 16). 11. Cosmopterigidae In the Cosmopterigidae a weak tendency towards wing reduction can be observed in some European species of the genus Vulcaniella Riedl. Vulcaniella pomposella (Zeller), V. grabowiella (Staudinger) and V. extremella (Wocke) are sexually dimorphic in wing shape but only the female of the last can be classed as slightly wing-reduced (Klimesch, 1943
. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology. A REVIEW OF WING REDUCTION IN LEPIDOPTER A signella (Hiibner) in the European Alps, although flightless (Burmann, 1947: 84), is only slightly brachypterous (Figs 15, 16). 11. Cosmopterigidae In the Cosmopterigidae a weak tendency towards wing reduction can be observed in some European species of the genus Vulcaniella Riedl. Vulcaniella pomposella (Zeller), V. grabowiella (Staudinger) and V. extremella (Wocke) are sexually dimorphic in wing shape but only the female of the last can be classed as slightly wing-reduced (Klimesch, 1943: 65, pi. 4, figs 2, 4). The fore wing of the extremella female is as long as that of the male but is narrower with a conspicuous constriction near the apex. The hind wing is significantly shorter than the fore wing and its fringe is much reduced. V. extremella is known from southern France, eastern Austria, 267 Yugoslavia and Hungary. Its larva is a leaf-miner in Salvia (Labiatae); the moth occurs in June. The extreme wing dimorphism suggests that the female is flightless; however, there are no pub- lished observations on its habits. 12. Gelechiidae In the Gelechiidae flightlessness resulting in wing reduction, usually in the female, has evolved several times independently. Flightlessness in both sexes, with and without brachyptery, has evolved only in a few species of Gelechiinae, tribe Gnorimoschemini. Most Gelechiidae are fully winged and capable of flight but, as they are also agile runners, flying is not their only or even preferred means of locomotion. For example, the adults of many tree-inhabiting species such as Teleiodes fugacella (Zeller) and T. fugitivella 20. 22. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original British Museum (Natural History). London : BM(NH)
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