. Diseases of cattle, sheep, goats and swine. Veterinary medicine. 62 DISEASES OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES AND ARTICULATIONS. Causation. AVith the sole exception of luxations or subluxations due to -tuberculosis (lateral luxations, either inwardly or outwardly, occurring during tubercular arthritis, with more or less marked destruction of the condyles), these luxations are always accidental or the result of mechanical violence. They result from leaping into hollows, falling into deep ditches or ravines, or galloping through broken or steep places. Any violent shock affecting the femur, either in
. Diseases of cattle, sheep, goats and swine. Veterinary medicine. 62 DISEASES OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES AND ARTICULATIONS. Causation. AVith the sole exception of luxations or subluxations due to -tuberculosis (lateral luxations, either inwardly or outwardly, occurring during tubercular arthritis, with more or less marked destruction of the condyles), these luxations are always accidental or the result of mechanical violence. They result from leaping into hollows, falling into deep ditches or ravines, or galloping through broken or steep places. Any violent shock affecting the femur, either in front or from the outside, is capable of causing luxation backwards or inwards. Symptoms. The most frequent condition is backward luxation of the upper extremity of the tibia. Movement becomes difficult, the limb is held rigidly, and all the lower part of the leg is extended. None of the joints can be flexed. The leg is dragged forward, without the animal being able to place the foot flat on the ground, and the claws are trailed over the litter or the toe grazes the soil. On local examination the stifle is seen to be deformed. The lower extremity of the femur and the patella appear prominent. The upper part of the tibia is thrust backwards, and seems to have disappeared, leaving a depression below the femoro-patellar region. The muscles form- ing the back of the thigh at this level are thrust out of position, and appear to project abnormally. A'iewed from behind, the inner line of the thigh appears more or less convex when the upi)er extremity of the tibia is luxated inwardly. On local examination the displacement of the bones can be readily detected. In luxation forwards the prominence of the stifle is caused by the summit of the tibial crest and by the patella, whilst the lower extremity of the femur cannot be felt. In outward luxation the upper extremity of the tibia forms an abnormal j)rominence, above which a horizontal digital dejiression appears. Diagnosis. Provided tha
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