. The standard cyclopedia of modern agriculture and rural economy, by the most distinguished authorities and specialists under the editorship of Professor R. Patrick Wright ... s VOL. III. thistles, are more successfully dealt with bydeep ploughing. Surface weeds of an annualduration are not as a rule considered to beinconsistent with clean farming, except in suchcases as charlock, and other persistent plantpests. Such weeds as redweed (poppy), chick-weed, Veronica, fumitory, &c., are always liableto appear wherever crops are thin on the ground,and are best checked by smothering crops andgood
. The standard cyclopedia of modern agriculture and rural economy, by the most distinguished authorities and specialists under the editorship of Professor R. Patrick Wright ... s VOL. III. thistles, are more successfully dealt with bydeep ploughing. Surface weeds of an annualduration are not as a rule considered to beinconsistent with clean farming, except in suchcases as charlock, and other persistent plantpests. Such weeds as redweed (poppy), chick-weed, Veronica, fumitory, &c., are always liableto appear wherever crops are thin on the ground,and are best checked by smothering crops andgood cultivation. In dealing with surface weeds,hand and horse hoeing are the best means ofdestruction; but in the cases of foulness due todeep-rooted perennial weeds, fallowing (whetherbare or cropped) affords more ample opportunityfor cleaning processes. [j. Wr.] Cleansing.—The expulsion of the foetalmembranes or placenta, after the birth ofyoung, is commonly known as cleansing, andis described under Afterbirth, &o. [h. l.] Clearing of Plantations. See Plan-tations, Clearing of. Cleavers (Oaliwm, Aparine), also known asGoosegrass and by other popular names, is an. Cleavers {Galium Aparine) 1, Flower; 2, Pistil; 3, Section of fruit; 4, Edge of leaf,magnilled annual weed belonging to the nat. ord. Rubi-acese. The stem is weak and deficient in skele-ton, yet it can attain the erect position by usingthe hook prickles with which it is plentifullyprovided, as organs for clinging to any plants inits neighbourhood. The leaves are narrow andarranged in whorls, usually eight per small white flower, when ripe, becomesconverted into a two-lobed fruit, also provided 45 226 Cleft Grafting — Cleveland Bay ?with hooks, which enable the weed to utilizepassing animals as its fruit distributors. Even-tually, the fruit detaches from the animal andreaches the ground, often at very considerabledistance from the parent plant. Cleavers is aweed of light land, and is a frequent pest incorn c
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