. Bulletin. Insects; Insect pests; Entomology; Insects; Insect pests; Entomology. 80 THE PERIODICAL CICADA. (epipharyiix) and the other (hypopharynx) attaching to the upper base of the lower Up. These tongues are short and of service, prob- al>ly, in facihtating the suction necessaiy in raising the fluids of the plant to the mouth. They do not extend beyond the mouth cavity, and never enter the plant tissues. The upper lip is comparatively short, and serves its normal purpose as a covering for the adjacent parts of tlie mouth. What correspond to the short, powerful biting jaws of gnawing in
. Bulletin. Insects; Insect pests; Entomology; Insects; Insect pests; Entomology. 80 THE PERIODICAL CICADA. (epipharyiix) and the other (hypopharynx) attaching to the upper base of the lower Up. These tongues are short and of service, prob- al>ly, in facihtating the suction necessaiy in raising the fluids of the plant to the mouth. They do not extend beyond the mouth cavity, and never enter the plant tissues. The upper lip is comparatively short, and serves its normal purpose as a covering for the adjacent parts of tlie mouth. What correspond to the short, powerful biting jaws of gnawing insects are in the Cicada greatly elongated and thread-like, and brought together to form a sort of piercing and sucking apparatus, which is inclosed in the greatly elongated lower lip. The latter is three-jointed and deeply grooved. Fig. 33.—Head and prothorax of Cicada, lateral view, with parts separated to show structure: 1, o, cljrpeus, b and c, labrum, d, epipharynx; I', same from beneath; II, mandible, a, base, b, sheath for seta, c, mandibular seta, c', muscular base of latter; 111, maxilla with parts |;milarly lettered; IV, labium, with three joints as follows, o, submentum, b, mentum, c, ligula; the lijT)opharynx is shown at d, from side, d', from above, and d", from beneath; V, prothorax. (Author's illustration.) above so as to be almost tubular, and acts as a support and sheath for the piercing seta-like jaws, and also assists in conveying the litjuids from the point of. contact with the plant to the mouth cavity. The long lower lip just described is the piercing beak in popular belief, yet in point of fact it never enters the tissues of the plant, the puncture being made solely by the fine, stiff, needle-like jaws or setae, which can be projected at will by the insect with great force from the tip of the beak. (See figs. 31, 32, 33, and 34,a.) The feeding habits of the adult Cicada are discussed on pages 101- 102. The main feeding is, however, during the long a
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