Japan: Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604-1651), third ruler of the Tokugawa Shogunate (r. 1623-1651). Hanging scroll painting, 17th century. Tokugawa Iemitsu, born Takechiyo, was the third shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty and the eldest son of Tokugawa Hidetada. His wet nurse, Lady Kasuga, also served as his political advisor and was central to shogunate negotiations with the Imperial court. His rule was marked by his intense xenophobia, with the borders closed and all Europeans expelled, as well as Christians brutally crucified. This xenophobic attitude would persist in Japan for over 200 years.

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