. Economic entomology for the farmer and fruit-grower. Beneficial insects. 148 AN ECONOMIC The grape-leaf-hopper, Etythroneura vitis; at rest, and with wings expanded. found on grape-vines, which causes the leaves during the latter part of the summer to become marked with brown spots, some- tmies in such numbers that they become confluent and the entire leaf is "; If we tap a leaf at this time swarms of little creatures, not exceeding an eighth of an inch in length, prettily marked with green, rosy- ^'^- '°9- red, and yellow, will fly or jump from them. Earlier in
. Economic entomology for the farmer and fruit-grower. Beneficial insects. 148 AN ECONOMIC The grape-leaf-hopper, Etythroneura vitis; at rest, and with wings expanded. found on grape-vines, which causes the leaves during the latter part of the summer to become marked with brown spots, some- tmies in such numbers that they become confluent and the entire leaf is "; If we tap a leaf at this time swarms of little creatures, not exceeding an eighth of an inch in length, prettily marked with green, rosy- ^'^- '°9- red, and yellow, will fly or jump from them. Earlier in the season they are yellow or green- ish, without wings, but jump readily if disturbed. On roses we find a simi- lar appearance, and here the species are green or yellowish, without much marking. Many are the crops infested by these little hoppers, and, though there are good characters by which they can be distinguished scientifically, yet to ordinary observation they appear much alike, except in size and color. The methods of preventing injury are much the same for all species. In the first place, where experience has shown that the insects are likely to occur during the summer, all rubbish should be disposed of in the course of the winter preceding. This can be done by collecting and burning, or by plowing under very early and cultivating so as to leave a clean field. Loose bark, dead branches, twigs, or scaly fence-posts should all be attended to, and piles of dead grass or weeds along fences or in corners should be burnt or otherwise destroyed. In this way much can be done to prevent the insects from getting a start. When the larvae are first noticed great success has been attained in vine- yards by walking along the sides of vines strung on wires, dis- turbing them to start the insects, which jump wildly and readily. A shingle or palm-leaf fan smeared on both sides with coal-tar or insect-lime should be kept in constant motion near the vines, and by this fanning a great q
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