. Studies in French forestry . Forests and forestry. 404 APPENDIX . . According to T. Hartig the fuel value of spruce, as compared with other species under identical vegetative conditions, is as follows: Spruce Scotch pine Beech Oak Birch Alder. Fuel value 6,110 3,600 3,500 3,150 2,890 2,200 By-Products. — Spruce is tapped for rosin by . . means of long, narrow, longitudinal incisions or slashes clean through the bark; the large radiating channels in the Uber allow the turpentine to ooze out abundantly. Those slashes need only be widened from time to time, through the new Uber layers, in order
. Studies in French forestry . Forests and forestry. 404 APPENDIX . . According to T. Hartig the fuel value of spruce, as compared with other species under identical vegetative conditions, is as follows: Spruce Scotch pine Beech Oak Birch Alder. Fuel value 6,110 3,600 3,500 3,150 2,890 2,200 By-Products. — Spruce is tapped for rosin by . . means of long, narrow, longitudinal incisions or slashes clean through the bark; the large radiating channels in the Uber allow the turpentine to ooze out abundantly. Those slashes need only be widened from time to time, through the new Uber layers, in order to secure the gum product up to a very old age. This operation is quite profitable and is practiced on an extensive scale in the North; but it weakens the trees and decreases their size. In France it is all the more objectionable since in most cases . . instead of just gashing the bark, deep cuts are needlessly made into the wood. . Turpentine, colophony, "Bm-gundian" tar, and lamp black are manufactured. The bark contains some tannin and is used (in higher Jura, for instance) for curing leather; for this purpose the bark of trees from 60 to 80 years of age is preferred. In some countries the natives pulverize the inner Uber (freed from its rhytidome) and obtain a kind of flour which, either pure or mixed with barley flour, is used to make bread. The seed contains from 20 to 25 per cent of fat, non-siccative oil. Silvicultural Characteristics. — Like the fir, the spruce should be maintained in a dense stand. . More than any other conifer it can survive in very dense stands which enable it to return very large yields. It is advantageously managed as high forest, but when it is very exposed or Uable to wind-fall it is better to mix it with beech, fir, or larch. ... On account of its hardiness it is a good species for natural re- generation by clear cutting. No other species is so easily transplanted. It is adaptable to most any soil. . EUROPEAN LARCH (Larix europea
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