. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Governance and management issues. Equipment such as remotely operated vehicles IROVsl are essential tools in the advancement of our knowledge of the deep ocean environment. of protected areas may need to be much larger than in nearshore waters lLaffoley, 2005]. Deep-sea MPAs could be enforced through measures already at hand for the control of fisheries, for example, strict reporting requirements, catch documentation schemes, vessel monitoring systems,
. Deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystems - a scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series 28. Governance and management issues. Equipment such as remotely operated vehicles IROVsl are essential tools in the advancement of our knowledge of the deep ocean environment. of protected areas may need to be much larger than in nearshore waters lLaffoley, 2005]. Deep-sea MPAs could be enforced through measures already at hand for the control of fisheries, for example, strict reporting requirements, catch documentation schemes, vessel monitoring systems, satellite monitoring, and observer coverage. Such enforcement measures may need to be made more broadly applicable to other users when the agreed MPA provisions regulate other uses beyond fishing IGjerde, 2007). To reduce enforcement costs, it is helpful to have the support and participation of all stakeholders [Alban etal. 2006], Information and knowledge challenges We are still at the outset in understanding deep-sea environments ecosystems. Their remoteness renders research on, and monitoring of, ecosystems and biodiversity both technically challenging and expensive. Moreover, our knowledge of threats induced by human activities is limited and so is our understanding of possible political responses. Nevertheless, action is needed urgently as there is evid- ence that many human activities are already significantly affecting the deep sea. Innovative governance systems and management tools therefore need to be developed in para- llel with the increasing scientific and socio-economic know- ledge and in anticipation of emerging future deep-sea activities and uses. Scientific knowledge needs to be produced in an interdisciplinary way, bringing together sci- entists from various relevant disciplines of natural sciences (biology, microbiology, geochemistry, oceanography, geo- logy, geophysics] as well as the social sciences (economics, sociology, law, political sciences]. Such trans
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