History and government of New Mexico . even thousand headof stock driven on foot, brought up the rear of the long;slow-moving procession that turned away into the northernwilderness. Leaving the Conchos River route on the right, Onatetook a still more direct route straight north to the RioGrande, just below modern El Paso. When he crossedto the east bank, May 4, he named the ford El Paso delNorte. Onate then took a small escort and went ahead to ex-amine the country. The main body of the colonists fol-lowed more slowly. A hint at their hardships as they 46 THE HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO crossed the
History and government of New Mexico . even thousand headof stock driven on foot, brought up the rear of the long;slow-moving procession that turned away into the northernwilderness. Leaving the Conchos River route on the right, Onatetook a still more direct route straight north to the RioGrande, just below modern El Paso. When he crossedto the east bank, May 4, he named the ford El Paso delNorte. Onate then took a small escort and went ahead to ex-amine the country. The main body of the colonists fol-lowed more slowly. A hint at their hardships as they 46 THE HISTORY OF NEW MEXICO crossed the terrible Jornada del Muerto (hor-na/tha delmwerto), Journey of Death, from modern Fort Seldento Cutter may be gotten from the name Socorro (succor,aid) which the famished Spaniards applied to one of thevillages up the river because the natives there suppliedthem with corn. 52. First Settlement at San Juan. — After stopping atSanto Domingo and holding a parley with seven Indianchiefs representing thirty-four pueblos, Ofiate sent his. ONATE6 EXPLORATIONS 1598-1609 nephew, Captain Vicente de Zaldivar (ve-sen-ta da sal-der-var), back down the Rio Grande to bring up the colonistswhile he himself moved on up the river to the pueblo ofCaypa (kipa), which the Spaniards renamed San Juan delos Caballeros (ka-ba-yaros), Saint John of the Cavaliers,in memory of the knightly band of original settlers. When Onate took up headquarters by the pueblo of SanJuan, July n, 1598, he was beginning the permanent settle-ment of New Mexico. Five weeks later (August 18) themain body of colonists arrived and pitched camp near San PERMANENT SETTLEMENT 47 Juan, the first capital of New Mexico. Here in a fertilespot on the east bank of the Rio Grande, thirty miles northof Santa Fe, they were planting the second permanent colonyin the present United States — nine years before CaptainJohn Smith landed at Jamestown and more than twodecades before the Pilgrims came to Plymouth. While waiting for the arriva
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