. Annual report of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, Cornell University. Agricultural Experiment Station; Agriculture -- New York (State). 144 Bulletin Fig. 54.—White Vienna kohlrabi. Well ivorlh trial on good soil. Six-inch squares. mangel type. Although exact evidence is lacking, it would seem that at this time the man- gel had not been in cultivation more than 50 years, and prob- ably less. It is not mentioned by Miller in The Gardner's Dictionary of 1752. It is evi- dent that the mangel reached America about the time it reached England. Samuel Deane
. Annual report of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, Cornell University. Agricultural Experiment Station; Agriculture -- New York (State). 144 Bulletin Fig. 54.—White Vienna kohlrabi. Well ivorlh trial on good soil. Six-inch squares. mangel type. Although exact evidence is lacking, it would seem that at this time the man- gel had not been in cultivation more than 50 years, and prob- ably less. It is not mentioned by Miller in The Gardner's Dictionary of 1752. It is evi- dent that the mangel reached America about the time it reached England. Samuel Deane, 1790, and John Spur- rier, 1792, were enthusiastic about the new plant; they grew roots weighing seven lb. each and secured a yield of I4^'2 tons per acre. In 1789 James Adam gave details in regard to the crop, and in 1805, R. W. Dickson gave a very good account of the methods of culture. Several experiments were conducted by individuals, but the crop was not generally grown. In 1797, Archard of Berlin announced the discovery that the sugar of beets and mangels could be extracted, it having been shown by Mary- grafif (or Maregraff) of Austria in 1747 that they contained crystallizable sugar. The latter had stated that the root of the white beet was the richest in sugar. The first sugar-beet factory was erected in Silesia tn 1805. Later, with the closing of the French ports to sugar from the West Indies and the offer of bounties on home-made sugar, the develop- ment of the culture of mangels for sugar-making was stimulated. But the industry suft'ered many .vicissitudes before it became established. It was soon found that mangels containing red coloring matter were han- dled with more loss than white-fleshed ones, because in the removal of the coloring matter, some sugar had to be sacrificed. Hence, white or yellowish-white mangels were developed and from this time on the term " white " when applied to mangels meant a very different plant from the white beet of the
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