. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 258 H. MUKAl ET AL. *. FIGURE 4. Dormant stolons. A: , external appearance, x 12. B: , congested blood cells. XI000. C: P. japonica, congested blood cells. X1000. C: P. sagamiensis, congested blood cells. xlOOO. ga. granular amoebocytes: gc, green cells; me, morula cells. tering stolons were opaque and yellowish, owing to the accumulation of blood cells. Such packed opaque stolons, in which development is inhibited until the environ- ment becomes more favorable, are generally termed dormant stolons in t
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 258 H. MUKAl ET AL. *. FIGURE 4. Dormant stolons. A: , external appearance, x 12. B: , congested blood cells. XI000. C: P. japonica, congested blood cells. X1000. C: P. sagamiensis, congested blood cells. xlOOO. ga. granular amoebocytes: gc, green cells; me, morula cells. tering stolons were opaque and yellowish, owing to the accumulation of blood cells. Such packed opaque stolons, in which development is inhibited until the environ- ment becomes more favorable, are generally termed dormant stolons in this paper. The dormant stolons were often constricted into bulges, where the tunic grew thicker and harder than usual. The bulges might be isolated, singly or in connection of several bulges, from other stolons by disintegration of the latter, though this was not an inevitable process. The overwintered dormant stolons of P. formosana produced new blastozooids from late April to early May. The new blastozooids were often budded directly from old stolons; but the bulged portions of stolons first elongated new stolonic out- growths, which then produced subterminal buds. The colonies of P. sagamiensis showed a tendency to hibernate, though their behavior during winter differed from year to year. In some years, almost all zooids regressed in winter, and stolons survived the winter and regenerated zooids in late spring as in P. formosana. However, in some other years many zooids escaped regression and survived the winter. Generally, P. japonica colonies continued to grow with functional zooids throughout the year. However, in midsummer (August) their zooids occasionally regressed to disappear from limited areas, leaving dormant stolons. Such dormant stolons sent out slender new stolons within a few weeks or so. Thus, this species shows a slight tendency of estivation instead of hibernation, at least in Shimoda. Blood cells of Perophora viridis have been divided into several morpholog
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