. The life of the Greeks and Romans. uaTa, TrapappvpLctTa) to ward off darts and arrows. To conclude, we mention the anchor, the ships ladder, theboat-hook, and the lead. The most primitive forms of the anchor(aykvpa, ancora) were blocks of stone, sand-bags, and basketsfilled with stones. Later, anchors in our sense, made of woodand iron, and essentially like those at present in use, were introduced. Their varieties areillustrated by Fig. 292 ; a, c,being taken from coins of thecity of Tuder ; b, from one ofLuceria ; d, of Germanicia Caesa-rea, and e, of Paestum. Thefrom the pictures, has at t
. The life of the Greeks and Romans. uaTa, TrapappvpLctTa) to ward off darts and arrows. To conclude, we mention the anchor, the ships ladder, theboat-hook, and the lead. The most primitive forms of the anchor(aykvpa, ancora) were blocks of stone, sand-bags, and basketsfilled with stones. Later, anchors in our sense, made of woodand iron, and essentially like those at present in use, were introduced. Their varieties areillustrated by Fig. 292 ; a, c,being taken from coins of thecity of Tuder ; b, from one ofLuceria ; d, of Germanicia Caesa-rea, and e, of Paestum. Thefrom the pictures, has at the end ofor immovable (a, b, d, e), to whichcross-beam is underneath this ring*. Fig. 292. antique anchor, as appearsthe stem a ring, movablethe cable is fastened; the , e). The flukes of the anchor appear in many varieties oncoins. Those on the coins of Paestum (e) exactly resemble (c, dthe our modern ones. At the point where the flukes met a loop orstaple (a, b, c, d) was attached to the anchor, to which a rope wasfastened for the purpose of lifting up the flukes so as to makethem catch. This could be done only where the water was notvery deep. The cable (o^oivla ayh vpeia, ancoralia, funes ancorales)was wound round a capstan (arpcxpeiop), by means of which theanchor was weighed (see Pitture dErcolano, t. ii., p. 14). R O WING-APPARA TUS. 259
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