. Electric railway journal . r per Set(average) Maintenance perYear per Set(average) Remarks 55 319 11 $ $ $ (Exclusiveof tower) (Exclusiveof tower) Estimated Estimated companies was 166, of which number 104 were audibleonly, two were visual only and sixty were both audibleand visual. By way of explanation it may be statedthat the joint use of audible and visual indication is ofmuch more recent development than the use of audiblesignals alone. As to the method of controlling these signals, 105were operated by track instr
. Electric railway journal . r per Set(average) Maintenance perYear per Set(average) Remarks 55 319 11 $ $ $ (Exclusiveof tower) (Exclusiveof tower) Estimated Estimated companies was 166, of which number 104 were audibleonly, two were visual only and sixty were both audibleand visual. By way of explanation it may be statedthat the joint use of audible and visual indication is ofmuch more recent development than the use of audiblesignals alone. As to the method of controlling these signals, 105were operated by track instruments and sixty-one byeither trolley or third-rail contactors. Seventy-eightbells had time-limit devices to cut off the signals whena certain fixed time had passed after the giving of theimpulse which originally started the signal, but thoseroads having the majority of installations without thisfeature stated that it was a desirable one. In fact, onlyone road stated that the time-limit device was not ofconsiderable HIGHWAY CROSSING PROTECTION—HIGH-ARM CROSSINGSIGNAL WITH LIGHT HANGING CHAINS Outside the State the largest crossing signal instal-lation is one of 112 signals, of which eleven are purelyvisual, the balance being both audible and visual. Allare controlled by trolley contactors. Installation, Maintenance and Operation Costsof Signals The costs obtained by the committee differed widely,due undoubtedly to varying local conditions. The aver-age cost of installing a single-track warning signal, ex-clusive of the cost of the signal itself, was $110, therange being from $90 to $150. The number of signals which could be maintained byone man varied from fifteen to fifty, the average beingabout forty-four. This wide difference can be partlyaccounted for by the fact that some roads combine thecost of signal maintenance with other signal and tele-phone costs, while others state the costs for bells alone. One road, having a total of twenty-nine signals, main-tained t
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