History of mediæval art . nd die Entwickelung des altchristlichen Central- und Kup-pelbaues. Leipzig, i860. The same, Ein Besuch in Ravenna, Jahrbucher der Kunst-wissenschaft. Leipzig, 1868. Separate reprint. Leipzig, 1869.—D. Pulgher, Les ancienneseglises Byzantines de Constantinople. Vienne, 1878. 38 EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE. the Christian builders. The comparison of the monopteros withthe circular church, like that of the oblong peripteros with the ba<silica, offers little but contrasts. The principal development of thepagan temple was always upon the exterior, while th
History of mediæval art . nd die Entwickelung des altchristlichen Central- und Kup-pelbaues. Leipzig, i860. The same, Ein Besuch in Ravenna, Jahrbucher der Kunst-wissenschaft. Leipzig, 1868. Separate reprint. Leipzig, 1869.—D. Pulgher, Les ancienneseglises Byzantines de Constantinople. Vienne, 1878. 38 EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE. the Christian builders. The comparison of the monopteros withthe circular church, like that of the oblong peripteros with the ba<silica, offers little but contrasts. The principal development of thepagan temple was always upon the exterior, while the ecclesias-tical edifices constantly tended to an extension of the plan andornamentation of the interior. This extension was effected byincreasing the entire area, and by emphasizing the semicircularniches added to the cylinder, as well as by transferring the colon-nade from without to within. It cannot indeed be proved that the enlargement of the edificeby such niches was a recognized expedient as early as the time of. a. So-called Temple of Jupiterat Spalatro. Fig. 20.—Cupolas of the late Roman Epoch. b. Hall of the Baths of Caracalla. c. So-called Temple of Romulus on the Via Appia. the Diadochi; but it is reasonable to assume with Adler that thePantheon of Agrippa was the perfected result of a long series ofarchitectural experiments, and not the first application of so greata constructive system. The principle so nobly expressed in thePantheon appears afterwards in other round temples, like that ofRomulus on the Via Appia, and that of Jupiter in the Palace ofDiocletian at Salona. As might be expected from the originaldestination of the Pantheon as a caldarium, we find the same gen-eral design in several thermae, among others in the Baths of An-toninus Caracalla, where the niches pierced the enclosing walls ofthe structure, and reduced the masonry left between them to free-standing piers. {Fig. 20 b). The effect of this last change was ANTIQUE CIRCULAR EDIFICES. 39 rat
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