. The book of wheat : an economic history and practical manual of the wheat industry. In early England wind wasutilized to a greater extent than water, and wind mills were inexistence at least as early as 1191. With the development ofthe mill stone, the grist mill appeared. The miller now groundfor a larger district, and exacted toll, called millcorn, fromthe farmers. The mills were generally owned by the lords ofmanors, who farmed them and their appurtenant privileges tothe millers. The water mill was introduced into England at thetime of Julius Caesar. In Fi-ance, Italy and elsewhere mention
. The book of wheat : an economic history and practical manual of the wheat industry. In early England wind wasutilized to a greater extent than water, and wind mills were inexistence at least as early as 1191. With the development ofthe mill stone, the grist mill appeared. The miller now groundfor a larger district, and exacted toll, called millcorn, fromthe farmers. The mills were generally owned by the lords ofmanors, who farmed them and their appurtenant privileges tothe millers. The water mill was introduced into England at thetime of Julius Caesar. In Fi-ance, Italy and elsewhere mentionof it became common in the fifth centuiy. It was exactly like thehand mill, except that water was used for power. Tidal millswere worked as early as 1526. The water was impounded athigh tide, and the mills worked during the ebb. The wind mill 266 THE BOOK OP WHEAT seems to have come into use in England about 1200. The firstmilling by steam was in England in 1784. The earliest mills in the United States were operated byhorse power, and the toll was higher than at those where water. DETAILS OF AN OLD DUTCH WIND MILL or wind power was used. The first mills of the Red river valleywere operated by oxen, or by wind power. In 1870 there were22 flour mills in South Carolina that weie operated by horse THE MILLING OF WHEAT 267 power. In Texas there were 50, and 17 more were driven byoxen, while wind furnished power for five. Many of the prim-itive forms of mills can still be found in operation in variousparts of the world. Modern Improvements and Processes.—In the first milling,the entire Avheat went into the flour. There was no boltingor classification of the product by separating it into severalgrades. Usually not even the bran was sepaiated. The firstdistinctively modern improvements weie in the line of boltingthe flour. The primary sieve was an extended bag which wasshaken by machinery. Its first introduction was in the powermills at the beginning of the sixteenth century. A Germa
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