. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. GLASS MICROCAPILLARY ELECTRODES The voltage recorded between the two input grids will be the sum of all the voltages in the external circuit, and besides the voltage due to the tissues present will also include the from metallic contacts of dissimilar metals at switches and junctions, electrode potentials of metals in aqueous solutions, and diffusion potentials in the fluids. When measuring the it may not be sufficient to determine the value of the potential deflection from the l
. Electronic apparatus for biological research. Electronic apparatus and appliances; Biology -- Research. GLASS MICROCAPILLARY ELECTRODES The voltage recorded between the two input grids will be the sum of all the voltages in the external circuit, and besides the voltage due to the tissues present will also include the from metallic contacts of dissimilar metals at switches and junctions, electrode potentials of metals in aqueous solutions, and diffusion potentials in the fluids. When measuring the it may not be sufficient to determine the value of the potential deflection from the level achieved when both inputs are shorted with a wire to earth, unless care is exercised to reduce unwanted additional potentials. The sum of the total can be reduced both by the choice of materials forming junctions and by arranging that the unwanted potentials are placed symmetri- cally to oppose and cancel each other. Thus when a switch or other circuit element is introduced in one lead similar wires should be used to establish connection to both ends; and when a single junction is made, another identical one should be placed in the other lead. When a short circuit is to be established it is best placed as near to the point of measurement as possible so as to reduce the number of sites where potentials may be introduced. Electrodes—An important source of in a circuit may be the electrode potentials at the metal fluid junctions. To reduce these, two similar junctions are arranged to oppose, with precaution to keep them stable. The junctions Amplifier input Ringer -agar Ringer's fluid Tissue. Figure Arrangement for measuring with microelectrodes commonly used for physiological experiments are of Ag-AgCl-Ringer. The Ringer can be made up with 2-3 per cent agar and pairs of electrodes kept together. One electrode is introduced into the fluid of the tissue bath and the other connected to the microelectrode filled with 3 M potassium chloride or Ringer's fluid.
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