. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. PANESAR, EVOLUTION IN WATER MITES of the deutonymph without hatching from it. It un- dergoes a pupal phase, which in Hydrodroma despi- ciens lasts a few days or weeks (depending on the tem- perature) (Meyer 1985). Adult. The imago or adult water mite hatches from the skin of the deutonymph and matures sexually shortly after emergence. In certain Limnocharinae (Böttger 1977), adtilts undergo supernumerarv^ molts. Imamuras (1952) statement about such additional molts also taking place in the strongly sclerotized Ar- renuridae, has never found confirmat
. Bonner zoologische Monographien. Zoology. PANESAR, EVOLUTION IN WATER MITES of the deutonymph without hatching from it. It un- dergoes a pupal phase, which in Hydrodroma despi- ciens lasts a few days or weeks (depending on the tem- perature) (Meyer 1985). Adult. The imago or adult water mite hatches from the skin of the deutonymph and matures sexually shortly after emergence. In certain Limnocharinae (Böttger 1977), adtilts undergo supernumerarv^ molts. Imamuras (1952) statement about such additional molts also taking place in the strongly sclerotized Ar- renuridae, has never found confirmation and is prob- ably based on a misinterpreted observation. Sperm transfer and pairing behavior Water mite adults exhibit all modes of sperm trans- fer, from complete dissociation of the sexes to intro- mission (Proctor 1992a-c, 1997, 1998). The sperma- tophores are found and taken up by the female: — with or without the help of signaling threads (which are glued to the substratum by males). FIG. 4. A sequence of change in mechanisms of spermatophore (sp. phore) deposition, and of sperm transfer. The position suggested for Limnesia in this transformation series is between Sperchon and Hygro- bates [based on Witte & Döring (1999), Fig. 9, p. 35].. FIG. 5. Mating behaviour in Hydrachnellae: (a) Unio- nicola sp., (b) Fiona sp. near debilis, (c) Brachypoda versicolor, (d) Aturus scaber, (e) Midea orbicularia, (f) and (g) Arrenurus cuspidifer [from Proctor (1992a)]. - with or without direct partner contact and/or mat- ing behavior, and - with or without copulation. The pheromones of the females induce in some species the deposition of spermatophores, while in other species pheromones increase the number of spermatophores deposited. In some species, the pheromones help females and males to locate the fields of spermatophores. In these cases the pheromones are emitted by the sperma- tophores. The fields of spermatophores are more attractive if large numbers of spermatophores
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