. Elements of railroad track and construction . s. A guard formed ofslats running at right angles to the rails is known as thegridiron pattern. 351. Relative Merits of Surface Guards.—Guardswith wooden slats are most generally used. They arecheaper in first cost than metal guards, and are morecheaply and easily repaired when torn out or damaged,but this form is liable to be destroyed by fire. Theobjection to a device that causes pain is that it is justas severe on men who stumble on it in the dark as it is 310 RAILROAD TRACK AND CONSTRUCTION. upon beasts. There is no form of cattle guard that
. Elements of railroad track and construction . s. A guard formed ofslats running at right angles to the rails is known as thegridiron pattern. 351. Relative Merits of Surface Guards.—Guardswith wooden slats are most generally used. They arecheaper in first cost than metal guards, and are morecheaply and easily repaired when torn out or damaged,but this form is liable to be destroyed by fire. Theobjection to a device that causes pain is that it is justas severe on men who stumble on it in the dark as it is 310 RAILROAD TRACK AND CONSTRUCTION. upon beasts. There is no form of cattle guard that givesentire satisfaction. In no case must the guard be ofsuch form that man or beast can get a foot caught in all the preceding discussion only the part of thecattle guard that is placed in the track has been all cases a cross fence is built extending from theright-of-way fence to a point as close to the track as thenecessary clearance of the train will allow. The planand elevation of the cross fence are shown in Fig. Fig. 180. This arrangement leaves only the track apparentlyopen, and if the track guard is efficient, stock will notbe able to pass this point. 352. Cattle Passes.—Cattle passes are for the purposeof allowing stock to pass from one side of the railroad tothe other without getting on the track. When a rail-road crosses a farm, cutting it into two parts, and buysonly the necessary width of right-of-way, the railroadis compelled to provide some way in which stock maycross. Leaving out grade farm crossings as out of date, THE SUBGRADE. 311 this is usually accomplished by means of a cattle passes may consist of a girder bridge with theopening beneath it barely wide and deep enough forstock to pass through^ or it may be large enough todrive a team through. These are subject to all theobjections mentioned in 1[ 349 about pit cattle most cases the railroad prefers to buy the entirefarm, and sell the parts it does not want
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