. The book of the farm : detailing the labors of the farmer, steward, plowman, hedger, cattle-man, shepherd, field-worker, and dairymaid. Agriculture. MAKING BUTTER AND CHEESE. 323 machines that act by their i^yration round a center, the fluid and the containing vessel revolving together, or partially so ; of which the common barrel-churn may be taken as the type. The bar- rel, which is of capacity suited to the dairy, is sometimes provided only with a large square bung-hole, secured by a'clasped cover, by whicli it is charged and emptied ; while in other cases one of its ends is movable, and
. The book of the farm : detailing the labors of the farmer, steward, plowman, hedger, cattle-man, shepherd, field-worker, and dairymaid. Agriculture. MAKING BUTTER AND CHEESE. 323 machines that act by their i^yration round a center, the fluid and the containing vessel revolving together, or partially so ; of which the common barrel-churn may be taken as the type. The bar- rel, which is of capacity suited to the dairy, is sometimes provided only with a large square bung-hole, secured by a'clasped cover, by whicli it is charged and emptied ; while in other cases one of its ends is movable, and made tight by screwing it down on a packing of canvas cloth. In all cases it is necessary that the interior of the barrel should be armed with three or more lon- gitudinal ribs of wood standing as radii toward the center, and perforated in various forms; these constitute the agitators of the chum. Each end of the barrel is furnished with an iron gudgeon or journal strongly fixed to it. and to one of them is applied the winch-handle by which the ma- chine is turned ; while it is supported on a wooden stand, having bearings for the two journals. More than one imperfection attends this construction of churn ; from the circumstance of its rotatory motion, it will always have less or more of a tendency to carry the fluid round with the barrel and the agitators, more especially if a rapid velocity of rotation is given to it; and to counteract this tendency, it becomes necessary to reverse the motion at every few turns, which is of itself an inconvenience. There is, besides, the great inconvenience of getting access, either to remove the butter that may adhere to the agitators, or to cleanse the interior of the barrel. This is espe- cially the case where there is no movable end; and even with this convenience for cleaning, the trouble of opening and closing the end is considerable. To those imperfections it is, no doubt, chiefly owing tliat this churn, once in high repute in East-Loth
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1850, booksubjectagriculture, bookyear
