. Diseases of the gall-bladder and bile-ducts, including gall-stones . Fig. 3.—-Obliteration of Gall-bladder and Common Duct, theResult of Gall-stone Irritation. (No. 1,391, College of Surgeons Museum.) parallel with and projecting beyond the anterior edge of theliver. Rarely the gall-bladder is partly divided longitudinally,and it is said that occasionally there are hepato-cystic ducts,and that the right and left divisions of the hepatic duct 2 18 DISEASES OF THE GALL-BLADDER AND BILE-DUCTS continue separate for some distance within the gastro-hepaticomentum. The accompanying drawing is taken


. Diseases of the gall-bladder and bile-ducts, including gall-stones . Fig. 3.—-Obliteration of Gall-bladder and Common Duct, theResult of Gall-stone Irritation. (No. 1,391, College of Surgeons Museum.) parallel with and projecting beyond the anterior edge of theliver. Rarely the gall-bladder is partly divided longitudinally,and it is said that occasionally there are hepato-cystic ducts,and that the right and left divisions of the hepatic duct 2 18 DISEASES OF THE GALL-BLADDER AND BILE-DUCTS continue separate for some distance within the gastro-hepaticomentum. The accompanying drawing is taken from a specimen of abifid gall-bladder of a sheep presented by Dr. Beatson ofGlasgow. In the Annals of Surgery for May, 1899, is related a casein which there was transposition of viscera, and as thepatient was the subject of gall-stones, cholecystotomy wassuccessfully performed on the left side. CROSS SECTION^. — LEVEL OFSEPTUM. Fig. 4.—Bifid Gall-bladder from a Sheep.(Leeds Museum.) The common bile-duct has recently received much atten-tion at the hands of several observers, and the papers byM. le Dr. Quenu in the Revue de Chirurgie for 1895, and byDr. Fenger in the American Journal of Medical Science forFebruary and March, 1896, are both of great practicalutility. The former gives a number of exact measurements,and describes a small vessel, a branch of the pancreatico-duodenal artery, as also some branches of the portal veinand hepatic artery crossing over the duct, which might beseriously in the way in the operation of Fenger also shows how the portal vein, gradually wind-ing round the common duct, comes to be placed on the ANATOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS 19 outer side of the upper third, even overlapping the front ofit and the termination of the cystic duct, thus apparentlydemonstrating that the middle portion of the ductus com-


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