. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 0 2 4 6 B 10 12 14 [• Extension (mm) 16 b. <N E £ H & 0-3 H •S o 0. 0 Nominal Strength" A stress —=Stiffness A strain. Strain Fijjurc 1. Force extension lai and stress-strain (hi cuncs ol an otal podium /,,,. the initial length, is the length .it which the podium icsistmg extension; A-,,lk is the lorce at which the podium breaks, and A/, is the change in length Mom /,, to the breaking force. Nominal stress is tour dmded h\ cross-sectional area, and strain is t
. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 0 2 4 6 B 10 12 14 [• Extension (mm) 16 b. <N E £ H & 0-3 H •S o 0. 0 Nominal Strength" A stress —=Stiffness A strain. Strain Fijjurc 1. Force extension lai and stress-strain (hi cuncs ol an otal podium /,,,. the initial length, is the length .it which the podium icsistmg extension; A-,,lk is the lorce at which the podium breaks, and A/, is the change in length Mom /,, to the breaking force. Nominal stress is tour dmded h\ cross-sectional area, and strain is the natural logarithm of (he length dmded by the initial length. Stillness the slope of the linear portion ol this curve. Nominal strength is the stress at which the podium broke, and Slrain,,,k is the siiam .it which the podium bioke. Inset shows an urchin in the testing setup with one of its oral podia being extended. sions ranged between 0.(W and Thus, although nearly half of the variation in breaking force and nominal strength is explained by variation in strain rate, little of the variation in breaking strain (°;) is explained by variation in strain rate. A posteriori comparisons of elevations using "lukey's Q (Table 2) revealed that oral podia exhibited higher breaking forces, nominal strengths, and breaking strains than aboral podia: the oral podia were stronger and stretchier. The ambital podia also exhibited lower breaking forces and breaking strains than did the oral podia. but they were equally sirong. In contrast to the analysis of other material properties, the ANCOVA for nominal stiffness revealed significant differ- ences between slopes (Table 2). In an ANCOVA. when the slopes of the lines are unequal, comparisons of ele\ations cannot be generali/ed across all variations m the indepen- dent variable (in this case strain rate). Specifically. \ Ahoral Ambital Oral ANOVA = 2. 96 Initial length (mm) ill d ., 1 () h 6
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlilliefrankrat, booksubjectbiology, booksubjectzoology
